Types of lamps

1) INCANDESCENT
2) DISCHARGE
3) FLUORESCENT
4) CFL
5) LED
6) OLED
1) INCANDESCENT LAMPS
DEFINITION –
• An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an
electric light with a wire filament heated to such a high temperature that it
glows with visible light (incandescence).
PARTS OF A INCANDESCENT LAMP -
 Construction and working -
• The filament is protected from oxidation with a glass or fused quartz bulb that is
filled with inert gas or a vacuum.
• In a halogen lamp (type of incandescent lamp), filament evaporation is slowed by a
chemical process that redeposits metal vapor onto the filament, thereby extending its
life.
• The light bulb is supplied with electric current by feed-through terminals or wires
embedded in the glass.
• Most bulbs are used in a socket which provides mechanical support and electrical
connections.
 Advantages -
• Incandescent bulbs are manufactured in a wide range of sizes, light output, and
voltage ratings, from 1.5 volts to about 300 volts.
• They require no external regulating equipment, have low manufacturing costs, and
work equally well on either alternating current or direct current.
• Hence, the incandescent bulb is widely used in household and commercial lighting,
for portable lighting devices.
Disadvantages -
• Incandescent bulbs are much less efficient than other types of electric lighting.
• Incandescent bulbs convert less than 5% of the energy they use into visible light.
The remaining energy is converted into heat.
• They are more expensive than CFL.
• Incandescent bulbs have been replaced in many applications by other types of
electric light, such as fluorescent lamps, compact fluorescent lamps (CFL), cold
cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL)
• The luminous efficacy of a typical incandescent bulb is 16 lumens per watt.
Applications -
• incubators
• brooding boxes for poultry
• heat lights for reptile tanks
• infrared heating for industrial heating and drying processes
• lava lamps
• Easy-Bake Oven toy.
2) gas-Discharge lamp
DEFINITION –
An electric lamp in which an enclosed gas or vapor glows or causes a phosphor
coating on the lamp's inner surface to glow.
Parts of a gas-discharge lamp -
Construction and working -
• Gas-discharge lamps are a family of artificial light sources that generate light by
sending an electric discharge through an ionized gas, a plasma.
• Typically, such lamps use a noble gas (argon, neon, krypton, and xenon) or a
mixture of these gases.( mercury, sodium, and metal halides are also used).
• In operation, some of the electrons are forced to leave the atoms of the gas near
the anode by the electric field applied between the two electrodes, leaving these
atoms positively ionized.
• The free electrons thus released flowing onto the anode, while the cations thus
formed are accelerated by the electric field and flow towards the cathode.
• Typically, after traveling a very short distance, the ions collide with neutral gas
atoms, which transfer their electrons to the ions. The atoms, having lost an electron
during the collisions, ionize and speed toward the cathode while the ions, having
gained an electron during the collisions, return to a lower energy state while
releasing energy in the form of photons.
• Light of a characteristic frequency is thus emitted
• In this way, electrons are relayed through the gas from the cathode to the anode.
Advantages -
• Compared to incandescent lamps, gas-discharge lamps offer higher efficiency
• High lumen maintainance due to no bulb blacknening.
• Low initial cost
• Excellent beam control
• Wide range of lamp wattages available. Sizes – 500W 750W 1000W
DISADVANTAGES -
• More complicated to manufacture and most exhibit negative resistance.
• Usually require auxiliary electronic equipment such as ballasts to control current
flow through the gas.
• Some gas-discharge lamps also have threshold, only after which they achieve
their full light output.
• Average life about 2000 hours
APPLICATIONS -
• Mercury discharge lamps can provide particularly high levels of brightness for outdoor use.
• Sodium lights,can also produce the orange glow seen on street lamps.
• High intensity discharge lamps, can be used to light outdoor arenas
• Lumen bulbs can also be used for smaller outdoor areas and warehouses, as well as on
roadways.
• Indoor gardening can also be aided by the use of low intensity discharge lamps
• Underwater diving and bicycle headlamps, with each use employing different levels of intensity.
• Some of the other common uses for discharge lamps include neon signs,
3) FLUORESCENT LAMPS
DEFINITION –
A fluorescent lamp is a light source that uses electricity to excite the molecules of a gas
(typically mercury) until they glow.

OR
A fluorescent lamp, or fluorescent tube, is a low-pressure mercury-vapor gas-discharge
lamp that uses fluorescence to produce visible light.
Parts of a fluorescent lamp -
 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING -
• An electric current in the gas excites mercury vapor.
• This produces a short-wave ultraviolet light that then causes a phosphor coating on
the inside of the lamp to glow.
OR
• Fluorescent lamps work by ionizing mercury vapor in a glass tube.
• This causes electrons in the gas to emit photons at UV frequencies.
• The UV light is converted into standard visible light using a phosphor coating on the
inside of the tube.
ADVANTAGES -
• A fluorescent lamp offers 25-35% savings in the amount of energy consumption,
uses about 75% less energy than a traditional light bulb.
• On average a traditional incandescent bulb will last between 800 to 1,500 hours.
• Low energy cost offsets the high initial cost .
• Available in many sizes and are used as energy-saving alternatives.
Disadvantages -
• As they contain mercury, many fluorescent lamps are classified as hazardous
waste.
• Initial cost is more than other conventional lighting options.
• Not all fluorescent lamps and CFLs are dimmable.
• Another negative is the buzzing sound that fluorescent lamps sometimes give
off when turned on.
APPLICATIONS -
• Fluorescent bulbs are well suited for detailed task lighting in Industrial applications.
• Fluorescents provide a uniform light level for office space and commercial
applications.
• In residential applications - lighting from cabinets, beams or coves and under
cabinet lighting.
• Fluorescents are effective lighting for kitchens, valences, comices, and fascias.
• Smaller fluorescent lamps are used in sign and display applications such as jewelry
stores.
4) CFL ( COMPACT FLUORESCENT LIGHT )
DEFINITION –
A compact fluorescent light bulb (CFL) is a fluorescent light bulb that has been
compressed into the size of a standard-issue incandescent light bulb.
Some types fit into light fixtures designed for incandescent bulbs.
PARTS OF A CFL –
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING -
• The principle of operation remains the same as in other fluorescent lighting:
electrons that are bound to mercury atoms are excited to states where they will
radiate ultraviolet light as they return to a lower energy level; this emitted
ultraviolet light is converted into visible light as it strikes the fluorescent coating.

• CFLs radiate a spectral power distribution that is different from that of

incandescent lamps caused due to the improved formulations of phosphor.
Advantages
• CFLs are up to four times more efficient than incandescent bulbs.
• While initially they cost more, CFLs are less expensive in the long run because they last
much longer than incandescent bulbs.
• Carbon emissions can be reduced by using cfl as one bulb reduces a half-ton CO2 from the
atmosphere.
• CFLs are highly versatile and can be used in any setting where you would normally use
incandescent bulbs.
• They come in enough shapes and sizes that you can use them for recessed fixtures, table
lamps, track lighting or ceiling lighting.
Disadvantages -
• While CFLs are supposed to last about 10,000 hours, turning them on and off too
frequently can reduce that lifetime substantially.
• While you can buy CFLs for use with dimmer switches, not all CFLs can be used
with them.
• When used outdoors they must be covered and protected as they are sensitive to
temperature, and low temperatures can cause lower light levels.
• CFLs are not suitable for focused or spotlights or where narrow beams of light
are required.
APPLICATIONS
• Compact fluorescents are being used in residential applications replacing
incandescent and halogen lights due to their versatility in shape.
• In commercial applications compact fluorescents are extremely popular for hallway
sconces in hotels and condominium associations as well as recessed lights in offices.
• Compact Fluorescent emit a crisp, bright light that is well-suited for detailed task
work as well as ambient lighting.
• Many warehouses and outdoor security lights are being retrofitted with large, high
wattage compact fluroescent bulbs.
Difference between fluorescent and cfl
• The primary difference is in size;
• compact fluorescent bulbs are made in special shapes (which require special
technologies) to fit in standard household light sockets, like table lamps and
ceiling fixtures.
• In addition, most compact fluorescent lamps have an "integral" ballast that is
built into the light bulb, whereas most fluorescent tubes require a separate
ballast independent of the bulb.
• Both types offer energy-efficient light.
5) Led
DEFINITION -
• A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source.
• It is a p–n junction diode that emits light when activated.
• When a suitable current is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine
with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
• A LED lamp or LED light bulb is an electric light
PARTS OF A LED BULB
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING -
• Light-emitting diodes (LED) are semiconductors. As electrons pass through this type of semiconductor,
it turns into light.
• LED lights are more efficient at turning energy into light.
• Therefore, less of the energy radiates from the bulb as heat which keeps LED bulbs cool.
• As the light-emitting diodes create light, they warm up quite a bit for their size.
• LEDs are heat sensitive, so it's important that the heat move away so that it doesn't damage the
semiconductors hence a heat sink plate is provided.
• From the heat sink plate, the heat moves into the air surrounding the bulb. If you place the bulb in an
enclosed fixture, it keeps the heat from effectively moving away from the heat sink, raising the
temperature around the light-emitting diodes.
Advantages -
• Efficiency: LEDs emit more lumens per watt than incandescent light bulbs.
• Color: LEDs can emit light of an intended color without using any color filters as
traditional lighting methods need.
• Size: LEDs can be very small and are easily attached to printed circuit boards.
• Dimming: LEDs can very easily be dimmed either by pulse-width modulation or
lowering the forward current.
• Focus: The solid package of the LED can be designed to focus its light.
Disadvantages -
• High initial price: LEDs are currently more expensive
• mperature dependence: LED performance largely depends on the ambient
temperature of the operating environment
• Light quality: Most cool-white LEDs have spectra that differ significantly from a
black body radiator like the sun or an incandescent light.
• Impact on insects: LEDs are much more attractive to insects.
• Efficiency droop: The efficiency of LEDs decreases as the electric current increases.
Applications -
• Illumination
• Mobile applications
• Signals
6) Oled ( organic light-emitting diode)
DEFINITION –
An organic light-emitting diode is a light-emitting diode in which the emissive
electroluminescent layer is a film of organic compound that emits light in response
to an electric current. This organic layer is situated between two electrodes;
typically, at least one of these electrodes is transparent.
Parts of a oled -
Construction and working -
• OLEDs work in a similar way to conventional diodes and LEDs, but instead of using layers of n-
type and p-type semiconductors, they use organic molecules to produce their electrons and holes.
• A simple OLED is made up of six different layers.
• On the top and bottom there are layers of protective glass or plastic.
• The top layer is called the seal and the bottom layer the substrate. In between those layers, there's
a negative terminal (sometimes called the cathode) and a positive terminal (called the anode).
• Finally, in between the anode and cathode are two layers made from organic molecules called the
emissive layer (where the light is produced, which is next to the cathode) and the conductive layer
(next to the anode).
Advantages -
• The OLEDs are flexible and hence it is very easy to manufacture OLED displays or other
OLED devices such as mobile phones, cameras, wearable devices etc.
• They use wide energy gap semiconductors and exhibit singlet and triplet exciton radiation
phenomenon compare to LEDs and LCDs.
• OLED consumes less power and are suitable for devices requiring less power consumption
such as android phones, portable gaming consoles, media players, digital cameras etc.
• It provides remarkable color fidelity, high efficiency and operational stability.
• They are very thin and small in size and hence are light in weight.
Disadvantages -
• Their lifetime is shorter compare to other display types. White,Red and Green OLED
offer lifetime of about 5 to 25 years where as blue OLED offers about 1.6 years.
• It is expensive compare to LCD.
• It is susceptible to water and hence it can be easily damaged by water.
• OLED screens are even worse compare to LCD when subjected to direct sunlight.
• Overall luminance degradation.
• Limited market availability.
Applications -
• Lighting Applications
• Mobile Phones
• Television Sets
THANK YOU
- SUHAS SN