Divergence and Curl of

Electrostatic Fields 
Arranged by:
Group 1
Lasma Enita Siahaan (4182121010)
Luni Karlina Manik (4182121021)
Nursyahadah (4182121007)
Raivita Jesica Nainggolan (4183121026)
 Table of Contents

01 02 03 04 Applicatio
Field Lines The ns of The Curl of
Flux Divergence Gauss's E
Gauss's Law of E  Law
 01

Flux
Field Lines
Gauss's Law
Field Lines
Tools for avoiding integral…

Field Lines:
 Connect vectors to form field lines.
 The magnitude of the field is indicated by the density of the
field.
 Field lines begin on positive charge and end on negative
ones.
 Field lines cannot simply terminate in midair.

“ FLU “ Electrical flux is defined as the multiplication of scalar
(multiplication point) between the strong vector of the electric
field and the outer vector of the surface penetrated by the

X terrain.
Electric field penetrates the surface with vector surface area
(vector direction of surface area perpendicular to that surface)
Electrical flux that passes through the surface meets
 
A = the surface area
angle formed by the electric field and vector surface area.
If the surface penetrated by the terrain consists of a number of
segments, then the total flux is equal to the amount of flux in
each segment.
The total flux can be written  as:

is the terrain that boils . If the number of surface

segments is N fruit, then the total flux passing
through the entire surface can be written as

In common cases where the surface charged by the electric

field is an arbitrary and strong surface and the direction of
the electric field is also arbitrary then the flux that passes
through the surface is determined integrally as follows
 Flux On Closed Surfaces
Flux exists due to the absence of style lines. The force line comes out of the positive charge. The
location of the end of the force line is two possibilities, namely at an infinite distance from a
positive charge or on a negative charge. When a negative charge meets, the resulting line of the
positive payload ends up in the negative payload.

(i) The positive charge is outside the closed surface,

(ii) the negative charge is outside the closed surface,
(iii) the positive charge outside the closed surface and the negative charge inside the closed surface,
(iv) the negative charge outside the closed surface and the positive charge inside the closed surface.
 Gauss’s
Law
Gauss’s Law is the law that links total flux on a  closed surface to the amount of content
contained by that surface. The law is formulated as follows

The total flux that passes through the closed surface is comparable to the total payload covered
by the closed surface.

Mathematically, Gauss's law can be written as

= a strong terrain on the i surface segment

= the area of the i surface segment
=the amount of payload covered by the closed surface
For arbitrary surfaces, Gauss's law can be expressed in integral form, i.e.

The
02 The Divergence of E
To find out the Gauss’s law in differential form,
we start from the electric field from a volume
charge.
03 Applications of Gauss's Law

1. Spherical 2. Cylindrical 3. Plane

symmetry symmetry symmetry
Make your Gaussian Make your Gaussian Use a Gaussian "pillbox,"
surface a concentric surface a coaxial cylinder which straddles the
sphere surface
04 The Curl of E
For a point charge q placing at the origin, the
  electric field is:

The curl calculation by integration:

General Form:
Example of Field lines
1. The following pictures depict electric field lines for various charge configurations.

(i) In figure (a) identify the signs of two charges and find the ratio |q1 / q2|
(ii) In figure (b), calculate the ratio of two positive charges and identify the strength of the
electric field at three points A, B, and C
(iii) Figure (c) represents the electric field lines for three charges. If q2 = -20 nC, then calculate
the values of q1 and q3
 Solution :
(i) The electric field lines start at q2 and end at q1. In figure (a), q2 is positive and
q1 is negative. The number of lines starting from q2 is 18 and number of the
lines ending at q1 is 6. So q2 has greater magnitude. The ratio of |q1/ q2| = N1/
N2 = 6/18 = 1/3 . It implies that |q2| = 3|q1|
(ii) In figure (b), the number of field lines emanating from both positive charges are
equal (N=18). So the charges are equal. At point A, the electric field lines are
denser compared to the lines at point B. So the electric field at point A is greater
in magnitude compared to the field at point B. Further, no electric field line
passes through C, which implies that the resultant electric field at C due to these
two charges is zero.
(iii) In the figure (c), the electric field lines start at q1 and q3 and end at q2. This
implies that q1 and q3 are positive charges. The ratio of the number of field lines
is | q1 / q2 | = 8/16 = | q3 / q2 | = 1/2  , implying that q1and q3are half of the
magnitude of q2. So q1 = q3 = +10 nC.
 Example of flux:
2. A uniform electric field E = 8000 N/C passing through a flat square area A = 10
m2. Determine the electric flux.

Known :
The magnitude of the electric field (E) = 8000 N/C
Area (A) = 10 m2
θ = 0o (the angle between the electric field direction and a line drawn a perpendicular to the
area)
Wanted: Electric flux (Φ)

Solution :
The formula of electric flux :
Φ = E A cos q
Φ = electric flux (Nm2/C), E = electric field (N/C), A = area (m2), q = angle between electric field line
with the normal line.
Electric flux :
Φ = E A cos q = (8000)(10)(cos 0) = (8000)(10)(1) = 80,000 = 8 x 10 4 Nm2/C
 Example of Gauss law
3.  A uniform electric field of magnitude E = 100 N/C exists in the space in X-direction.
Using the Gauss theorem calculate the flux of this field through a plane square area
of edge 10 cm placed in the Y-Z plane. Take the normal along the positive X-axis to be
positive.

Solution:
The flux Φ = ∫ E.cosθ ds.
As the normal to the area points along the electric field, θ = 0.
Also, E is uniform so, Φ = E.ΔS = (100 N/C) (0.10m) 2 = 1 N-m2.
 Biblioghraphy
1. Abdullah, Mikrajuddin. 2017.Physics basic II. Bandung:Institut Teknologi
Bandung.
2. David.J, Griffits, 1995. Introduction to Electrodynamics ,Second Edition.
New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private limited.
3.http://ocw.nctu.edu.tw/course/electrodynamicsI/electrodynamicsI_lecture
notes/lecture022.pdf
THANKY
OU!