PNEUMATIC BIKE

Prof. R. D. Kulkarni
 3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is
created by laying down successive layers Abstract
of material.It is also known as rapid prototyping,is kly
made on a reasonably sized machine connected to a computer containing blueprints for the object.
 The 3D printing concept of custom manufacturing is excitingt on early everyone. It is used in a
variety of industries including jewelry, footwear, industrial design, architecture, agriculture,
engineering and construction, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries, education and
consumer products.
 Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly rising in the subject of product design and
manufacturing industry connected with reverse engineering approach. Additive manufacturing can
be defined basically as layer upon layer manufacturing process of the objects from 3-Dimensional
CAD models.
 This technology provides very important advantages for the designers to evaluate their products
more efficiently and quicker during design progress to obtain best designs for serial production.
 These advantages can be used for the issue of designing agricultural tools and machinery to get
benefits from the newest high technology applications for the mechanization of the agricultural
production.
  
INTRODUCTION
 3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects
from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes.
 In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until
the object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-
section of the eventual object.
 3D printing is the opposite of subtracive manufacturing which is cutting out or hollowing
out a piece of metal or plastic with for instance a milling machine.3D printing enables you to
produce complex shapes using less material than traditional manufacturing methods.
 3D printing has incredible potential for impacting our lives in many large and small ways.
 One area with a long runway of opportunity is in agriculture. In an industry based on very
understandable, hardware-driven components, having the ability to quickly make
replacement parts when tools break down, or prototype new ideas more easily, 3D printing
has the potential to be very valuable.
 However, agriculture is not quite there yet.There are many major opportunities for
entrepreneurs to make 3D printing in agriculture more mainstream.More importantly,with
this opportunity come a responsibility for entrepreneurs to position 3D printingin away that
enhances rural live lihoods and economies.
 INTRODUCTION
 In the same way society has come to expect large corporations to uphold some social responsibility
as entrepreneurs in agriculture should also consider theimpacts our efforts have on the
farms,farmers and the rural communities they support.For starters,weare at a point where the
idea of printing metal parts at a scale that could fit in a farmers shop isnearly a reality.
 For farmers, who have been limited by plastic 3D printing in the past, small scale metal part
manufacturing completely changes the game in terms of what they can do.Suddenly,complex
metal parts, or simple and seemingly overpriced parts could be created without ever leaving the
farm
  The shifting of society to an a grarian system,then to an industrial society with populations
mainly located in urban areas, has reduced the availability of agricultural labor and caused an
increase in the mechanization of agricultural machinery.
 Agricultural mechanization started with the steam powered reapers and traction engine, then
advanced with the invention of mobile hydraulics and electronic control systems that are used in
modern machinery today.
 These systems canb combined with various sensor systems, to help guide and automate the
vehicles to improve their efficiency, reduce crop damage, and improve crop yields through
better cultural practices.
WHEN IS METAL 3D PRINTING APPROPRIATE?
These points to consider when deciding whether or not to produce a part using 3D printing:
 

 Quantity—Traditional manufacturing is more suitable for large-scale production, whereas 3D printing may be more economical or
practical for small volumes of complex or specialized hydraulic components.
 

 Production lead time—Subtractive processes, such as CNC machining, may require lead times of 30 to 60 days to produce a component
from metal bar stock, or as long as six to 12 months if a casting is needed.For3Dprinting,hydraulic components can be printed on demand in
a matter of days. If the printed parts require tooling, lead time may increase up to one or twoweeks.
 

 Prototyping—With3Dprinting,several different variations of a prototype can be produced at the same time, making it possible to evaluate
design alternatives.
 

 Materialselection—Hydraulic components must have adequate strength and corrosion resistance to safely handle the high pressures
typically found in hydraulic systems. Three-dimensional printing can offer abroader selection of materials,including
tainlesssteel(AISI316L),aluminum, titanium (Ti6Al4V).
 
3D Printing in agriculture
 3D printing technologious applications such as to make cost-effective tools ,the ability to produce specific parts for use in machinery
Because metal 3D printing is relatively new to the field of hydraulics, it raises the question of how the material properties of 3D-
printed parts compare to those made by traditional processes.

 Although typical mechanical properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and modulus of elasticity appear to be comparable,
depending on material choice, the high pressures often encountered in hydraulic systems merit additional consideration.

 With proper material choice and design, components can be made to withstand these pressures, but they also may encounter shock
and pressurepulsations , which are more difficult to accommodate. Manifolds, for example, often have been made from ductile iron or
other ductile materials to handle these pulsations, but these materials do not lend themselves to the additive-manufacturing process.
Iron and carbon steel materials also fall into that category, because the source material must exist in powder form.

 The mechanical proprieties of the sematerials are equivalent to metals produced from barstock . By using the finite element
method(FEM)to orcesands how whether it will work the way it was designed. 3D printing could empower farmers to increase self-
sufficiency . The technology might reach a point where machinery manufacturers allow farmers to purchase design files online and
print products themselves. Or, local dealers with 3D printing capability could make temporary parts for farmers to use while waiting
for permanent replacements
 3D PRINTED TOOLS
 
 Agriculture is one of the oldest industries, but it can benefit tremendously from the newest technology. 3D printing
and other new technology, such as drones and smart tech, are the future of the agricultural industry.
 These advancements could go a long way towards reducing waste, increasing production, and creating jobs. 
 The small parts are usually made of melted plastic. It’s simpler, smaller and far cheaper than any thing else available
. By using 3D printers soonc omputer knoweldgeable producers could make their own dials, switches and gears.
 Although 3D printing innovations in the field of agriculture are not as plentiful as they are inbiomedicine.
 Hydraulic Valve
 The spool redesigned for 3D printing has square holes with larger area to reduce pressure drop.
 The original valve spool (fig.1) had round holes, required with CNC machining.
 These are just some of the ways metal 3Dprinting is expanding the potential for improved component design and production
in the hydraulics field.
 According to research,the global metal 3D-printing market is expected 3% for the next few years.Hydraulic applications to be
a significant part of this expandingfield.

Fig.2 3d printed valve spool

 Its structural walls were as strong as in the original part, and the new design was tested under pressure to 250 bar with
comparableresults
 In addition, the design and production of a stackable hydraulic valve was improved with 3D printing.
 The direct-operated pressure-reducing valve had been made of steel and zinc-plated to resist corrosion.
 When customer needed a small quantity of the valves, the lead time and cost of CNC machining were not
acceptable.Instead,the valve was redesigned for 3Dbprinting in stainless steel, which reduced the weight by 60%.
 Its structural walls were as strong as in the original part, and the new design was tested under pressure to 250 bar with
comparableresults.
 The hydraulic valve on the left was machined from steel, and then zinc plated for corrosion
resistance. The redesigned valve (fig.4) was produced by 3D printing in stainless steel.
 The 3D- printed version weighs 60% less but maintains the same strength as the machined
part. The conventional part could have been made lighter by machining away (subtracting)
unneeded material, but with much higher production costs.
 Hydraulic Manifold
 This 3D-printed manifold for agricultural machinery is half the size and weigh less than a conventionally manufactured part.
 A hydraulic manifold used in agricultural machinery. This manifoldcontrols adouble-acting cylinder with two solenoid valves
and two pilot-operated check valves.
 The 3D-printedsb the unit itreplaces,butis half the size and 75 % lighter than the previous manifold. The part consists of
AlSi10Mg, a6000- series aluminum alloy that combines good strength and thermal properties with low weight and flexible
post-processing potential.
 It is often is used for parts with thin walls and complex geometries.
 The mechanical properties such as tensile strength,elongation,impact toughness,and hardness to be as good or better than a
manifold made of traditional materials.
 This hydraulic manifold, 3D-printed as a single piece, weighs 70% less than conventional, yet it withstood the same pressure
and fatigue testing. This hydraulic manifold was 3D-printed as a single piece.
 It weighs much less than the 17-piece assembly it replaced, yet withstood the same pressure and fatiguetesting.
 Drone
The goal of the challenge is to create a 3D printable drone attachment to assist with the agriculture
process. The agriculture process could include crop farming.
 The drone could be used for surveying land or spreading seed.With the many new 3D printing
manufacturing techniques,there are no restrictions on part manufacturability.
 This opens up a new world for organic and complex part shapes that could not be machined or molded
from plastic with traditional manufacturing methods.
 Additionally, designs that had to be created as multiple parts for traditional manufacturing purposes can
now be single parts that can be 3Dprinted. 
 With new generative design technology there is an easy way to optimize and transformbtraditional designs
or otherwise prismatic parts into beautiful, unique and functional components.
 Optimization is also a way to reduce the strain on the environment by using less material and producing
less waste.3D printable drone use to assist the agriculture process or to help solve an existing problem 3D
printing reduce the weight of the drone parts compared to expensive and time- consuming milled parts.
 The drone intended for biological pest control in agriculture. The target of this is a pest thecrops.
 With new generative design technology there is an easy way to optimize and transformbtraditional designs or
otherwise prismatic parts into beautiful, unique and functional components.
 Optimization is also a way to reduce the strain on the environment by using less material and producing less
waste.
 3D printable drone use to assist the agriculture process or to help solve an existing problem 3D printing
reduce the weight of the drone parts compared to expensive and time- consuming milled parts.
 The drone intended for biological pest control in agriculture. The target of this is a pest thecrops.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AND
 
ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING
 A process of joining materials to make objects from 3D model data, usually layer upon layer, as opposed to subtractive
manufacturing methodologies.

 In general terms, traditional manufacturing technologies, as machining and casting, provide the highest parts quality level, according
to surface finish and geometrical and dimensional accuracy.

 Even, the mechanical properties are usually better, due to 3d printed parts may be not completely filled by the material.

 In addition,the A Materials which are usually proprietary.However, the materials variety is continuously expanding while the prizes
are decreasing.

 In 3d printing is building b up in to the most reputable cutting-edge technology companies within sectors for example aerospace,
automotive and medicine.

 This is possible due to AM does present tremendous opportunities, derived from its exceptional advantages.
 This

AM ismakes
extremely important
possible towards a wide
the manufacture of anyopen-mind design (revolutionary
design regardless shapes and
the design complexity lighter parts)
andallowing thewithout considering
production of interated
manufacturing
components. constraints related to machining, moulding, etc.
 The complexity is free, because it has not an impact in the manufacturing cost.
 Production by AM does not need any special tooling neither casting, so shifting the production to a totally different object is
completely easy and immediate.
 Redesigning stages has no influence in the production costs, consequently, it is the ideal manufacturing technology for both
prototyping and low volume batch as low as one if required.
 This is truly interesting in areas such as product development and low-to-medium volume production, also being the perfect ally for
highly personalized customer market.
 Due to AM does not needspecific to olingn either casting any design may be producedbin a shortb period of time under a cost
effective perspective.
 As a result, AM offers product development teams a rapid iteration between designs, assembly and functional tests, bringing about a
remarkable decrease in both time and product development costs
 There are some advantages of traditional manufacturing also in terms of high-volume production moulding manufacturing is
the right choice.This is because, in spite of the extremely higher fixed costs derived from to olingandmoulds,the variable ones
which comes from the massive production (materials and operational) are tremendously more economical.
Therefore, in those cases in which the derived costs from tooling and setup cannot be amortized, AM has to be considered.
There is an unlimited variety of materials available for traditional manufacturing. Currently, just a narrow range of materials
are offered for AM only a few
Conventional polymers, metals, ceramics and composites.
manufacturing Additive manufacturing

However, there is a huge interest in new materials research and development, hence, the portfolio is constantly growing while
 Higher cost of manufacturing &shipping.  Up to 70% savingsdue to
the prices are dropping. prototyping costs

 sCreate more waste, subtractive process will  High precision with layer by layer
compromise on precision manufacturing

 Fixed designs- slowchanges  Rapid design change.

 More time to build final product.  Lesser time taken due to
compresseddesign
structure.

 Wide range of material.  Currently, just a narrow

range of
material.
 METHODS AND MATERIAL
Type Technologies Materials

Extrusion Fused deposition modeling (FDM) or Fused Thermoplastics, eutectic metals, edible materials,
filament fabrication (FFF) Rubbers, Modeling clay, Plasticine, Metal clay
(including Precious Metal Clay)

Direct Ink Writing (DIW) Ceramic materials, Metal alloy, cermet, metal
matrix composite, ceramic matrix composite

Powder Bed Powder bed and inkjet head 3D printing (3DP) Almost any metal alloy, powdered polymers,
Plaster

Electron-beam melting (EBM) Almost any metal alloy including Titanium

alloys

Selective laser melting (SLM) Titanium alloys, Cobalt Chrome alloys,

Stainless Steel, Aluminium

Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) Almost any metal alloy

Powder fed Directed Energy Deposition Almost any metal alloy

Wire Electron beam freeform fabrication (EBF) Almost any metal alloy

Table II
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES  

Additive Manufacturing Advantages

1. 3d printing has
_
many benefits over traditional manufacturing techniques. The ability to quickly produce a unique part
is the most obvious because no special tooling is required and parts can be built in a matter of hours.

2. Since the components are built layer by layer, it is possible to design internal features and passages that could not be
cast or other wise machined.Complex geometries and assemblies with multiple components can be simplified to fewer
parts with a more cost effective assembly.
3. Good chemicalresistance
4. Parts possess high strength andstiffness

5. Various finishing possibilities such as metallization, grinding, tub coloring, bonding, powder, coating.
6. AM makes possible the manufacture of any design regardless the design complexity and allowing the production of
integrated components. This is extremely important towards a wide open-mind design (revolutionary shapes and
lighter parts) without considering manufacturing constraints related to machining, moulding, etc.
 Disadvantages
 
 
1. Limited workable materials: Though efforts are currently underway to expand the number of materials 3D
printer scan work with,current manufacturing models are limited.
2. By adding material in layers, 3D printing produces lines between the layers where the material didn’t bond
quite as well at a molecularlevel.s
3. Traditional manufacturing are a truly mature technology in comparison toAM
 Conclusion
 

 Additive manufacturing technology is rapidly rising in the subject of product design and manufacturing
industry connected with reverse engineering approach.Additive manufacturing can be defined basically
as layer upon layer manufacturing process of the objects from3-Dimensional CAD models.

 This technology provides very important advantages for the designers to evaluate their products more
efficiently and quicker during design progress to obtain best designs for serial production.

 These advantages can be used for the issue of designing agricultural tools and machinery to get
benefits from the newest high technology applications for the mechanization of the agricultural
production.
 References
 
 Taufik,Mohammad;Jain,PrashantK.(2016-12-10)."Additive Manufacturing:Current Scenario". Proceedings of International
Conference on: Advanced Production and Industrial Engineering
 
 J. Irwin, J.M. Pearce, D. Opplinger, and G. Anzalone. The RepRap 3-D Printer Revolution in STEM Education, 121st ASEE
Annual Conference and Exposition, Indianapolis.
 
 Mahadevan, Renuka (December 2003). "Productivity Growth In Indian Agriculture: The Role Of Globalisation And
Economic Reform". Asia-Pacific Development Journal. 10
 
 "Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing". 3DPrinterPrices.net. 10 July 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
 
 Adam Cagliarini and Anthony Rush (June 2011). "Bulletin: Economic Development and Agriculture in India"
 
 Pearce, Joshua M.; Morris Blair, Christine; Laciak, Kristen J.; Andrews, Rob; Nosrat, Amir; Zelenika-Zovko, Ivana (2010).
"3-D Printing of Open Source Appropriate Technologies for Self- Directed Sustainable Development".
 

 Gerald C. Anzalone, Chenlong Zhang, Bas Wijnen, Paul G. Sanders and Joshua M. Pearce, " Low-Cost Open-Source 3-D
Metal Printing"