COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN

REFORM PROGRAM (CARP)

 COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM (CARP)
 Land Reform
 • Refers to all sets of activities and measures that may or should be
taken to improve or correct the defects or problems in the relations
among men with respect to their rights to the land they till
 • Technically defined as an integrated set of measures designed to
eliminate obstacles to economic and social development arising out of
defects in the agrarian structure
Agrarian Reform
 • Defined as the rectification of the whole system
of agriculture
 • The redistribution of lands, regardless of crops or
fruits produced, to farmers and regular
farmworkers who are landless
 • It comprises not only land reform but also the
reform and development of complimentary
institutional frameworks, rural education, and
social welfare institutions
Agrarian Reform Measures Agrarian reform would, therefore, also cover the
following:

 1. Public health programs

 2. Family planning
 3. Education and training of farmers
 4. Reorganization of land reforms agencies
 5. Application of labor laws to agricultural workers
 6. Construction of infrastructure facilities such as feeder roads, irrigation systems,
etc., and the establishment of rural electrification
 7. Organization of various types of voluntary associations
 8. Providing employment opportunities to underemployed or surplus rural labor;
and
 9. Other services of a community development nature
AGRARIAN STRUCTURE

Meaning of Agrarian Structure

 • Agrarian structure -a complex set of relationships within
the agricultural sector tenure structure production
structure structure of support services
 • Reforms in the agrarian structure -seek to remedy not
only the defect in the distribution and use of land
Land Tenure Structure
 • One or more systems regulating the rights to a man’s ownership,
control, and usage of land
 • A system which defines a person’s legal right and ownership over
land, and the duties accompanying such right.
Production Structure
 • Includes the nature, type, and mode of operations to make land
productive
 • Actual process of production producing the output
 • These activities take into consideration the: – Size – Location –
Shape of production unit
Structure of Support Services
 • Involve credit, marketing, the supply of agricultural requisites,
processing, storage

 • Immediate bearing on reforming of tenure and production structures

 • Insure the success of the farmer who has acquired a new tenure status as
lessee

 • Prepare the lessee for land ownership

 • Assist the owner-cultivator to use the land more productively and

increase income
 Philippine Agrarian Structure
 • One of the main defects of our country agrarian structure was the
high proportion of share tenancy in our country.
 • Latifundia or cacique system that the Filipinos had for decades made
the life of Filipino tenants miserable

 Latifundia or Cacique system
 1. Inquilinato system
 2. Kasama system
 3. Takipan system
 4. Talindua
 5. Terciahan
 AGRARIAN REFORM AND THE
ECONOMY
 An effective agrarian reform is a precursor to successful economy
 • Agrarian reform has several effects to economy in terms of;

 1. Agricultural productivity
 2. Poverty Reduction
 3. Income and Living standards
 4. Employment
 5. Investment and capital formation
 6. Impartiality on rural population Agrarian Reform & the economy
 COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM
PROGRAM (RA 6657)
 RA 6657
 • Otherwise known as the “Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL)”
 • The act instituted the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program to promote social justice and
industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation, and for other purposes
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program
 • A response to the people’s clamor and expectations of a more effective land reform program that would
supposedly correct the many flaws that plagued the previous land reform programs
 • the redistribution of public and private agricultural lands to farmers and farmworkers who are landless,
irrespective of tenurial arrangement
 • CARP’s vision is to have an equitable land ownership with empowered agrarian reform beneficiaries
who can effectively manage their economic and social development to have a better quality of life
Major features of RA 6657
 • It provides for the coverage of all agricultural lands regardless of crops
produced or tenurial status of the tiller
 • It recognizes as beneficiaries of the program all workers in the land given that
they are landless and willing to till the land
 • It provides fro the delivery of support services to program beneficiaries
 • It provide for arrangements that ensure the tenurial security of farmers and
farmworkers such as the leasehold arrangement, stock distribution option and
production and profit sharing
 • It creates an adjudication body that will resolve agrarian disputes
Coverage of CARP
 1. Government owned lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture;
 2. Alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or suitable for agriculture;
 3. Public domain lands in excess of the specific limits as determined by Congress; and
 4. Private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture regardless of the agricultural products raised or
that can be raised thereon.
Compensation
 • Determination of Just Compensation
 • Valuation and Mode of Compensation
 1. Cash payment under the following terms and conditions
 • For lands above 50 hectares – 25% cash
 • Fro lands above 24 -50 hectares – 30% cash
 2. Shares of stock in government-owned or controlled corporations
 3. Tax credits which can be used against any tax liability
 4. Land Bank of the Philippines bonds
Sources of funds
 1. Proceeds of the sales of Assets Privatization Trust
 2. All receipts from assets recovered and from sales of ill-gotten wealth
recovered through the Presidential Commission on Good Government
 3. Proceeds of the disposition of the properties of the government in foreign
countries
 4. Portion of amounts accruing to the Philippines from all sources of official
foreign aid grants and concessional enterprises, operated by multinational
corporations and associations, shall be programmed for acquisition and
distribution
 Land Tenure Improvement Program Beneficiary
Development
 1. Credit Facilities
 2. Technology
 3. Infrastructures
 4. Cooperatives
Land Redistribution
 • Qualified Beneficiaries
 a. Agricultural lessees and share tenants
 b. Regular farmworkers
 c. Seasonal farmworkers
 d. Other farmworkers
 e. Actual tillers or occupants of public lands
 f. Collectives or cooperatives of the above beneficiaries
 g. Others directly working on the land
Support Services

 1. Irrigation facilities
 2. Infrastructure development and public works projects
 3. Government subsidies for the use of irrigation
 4. Price support and guarantee for all agricultral produce
 5. Extending necessary credits to farmers and land-owners
 6. Promoting, developing and extending
Support Programs

 • Land Bank of the Philippines

 • DPWH
 • National Irrigation Administration
 HISTORY OF AGRARIAN REFORM Agrarian reform is a 100-year history of unfinished
reforms after the United States took over the country from the Spaniards.

 • There were no owner-cultivators (everyone can access the fruits of the soil), only
communal land owned by the barangay which consisted of a datu, freemen, serfs and
slaves.
 • Rice was the medium of exchange Pre-Spanish Period
 • The Spaniards replaced this traditional system of land ownership, similar to existing
systems among several indigenous communities today and distributed the land
(haciendas) to the Spanish military and the clergy or established encomiendas
(administrative districts).
 Spanish Period
Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
What happened to the estates took over by the HUKBALAHAP during the Japanese occupation?
 • These estates were confiscated and returned to its owners. Because of this, some of the farmer-
tenants preferred to join the HUK movement rather than go back and serve their landlords under
the same conditions prior to World War II.

What were the key accomplishments during the Roxas administration?

 • Republic Act No. 34 was enacted to establish a 70-30 sharing arrangement between tenant and
landlord. The 70% of the harvest will go to the person who shouldered the expenses for planting,
harvesting and for the work animals.
 • It also reduced the interest of landowners’ loans to tenants at not more than 6%.
 • President Roxas also negotiated for the purchase of 8,000 hectares of lands in Batangas owned
by the Ayala-Zobel family. These were sold to landless farmers.
Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953)
What was the major program of the Quirino administration
regarding agrarian reform?
 • Through Executive Order No. 355, the Land Settlement
Development Corporation (LASEDECO) was established to
accelerate and expand the peasant resettlement A ii ii Bureau
of Agrarian Reform Information and Education program of
the government. However, due to limited post-war resources,
the program was not successful.
 Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)
Did President Magsaysay pursue land reform during his term?
 • Yes, President Magsaysay realized the importance of pursuing a more honest-to-
goodness land reform program. He convinced the elite controlled congress to pass
several legislation to improve the land reform situation, to wit:
• R.A. No. 1400 (1955) :
 Land Reform Act or known as “Land to the Landless” Program which sought
improvement in land tenure and guaranteed the expropriation of all tenanted landed
estates.
• R.A. No. 1266 (1955) Expropriation of Hacienda del Rosario, situated at
Valdefuente, Cabanatuan City.
 • R.A. No. 1199 (1954): Agricultural Tenancy Act, basically governed the
relationship between landholders and tenant- farmers. This law helped protect the
tenurial rights of tenant tillers and enforced fair tenancy practices.
 • R.A. No. 1160 (1954): Free distribution of Resettlement and Rehabilitation and
Agricultural land and an Act establishing the National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).
How did he implement the Agricultural Tenancy Act?
 • He established the Court of Agricultural Relations in 1955 to improve tenancy
security, fix the land rentals on tenanted farms, and to resolve the many land
disputes filed by the landowners and peasant organizations.
 • He also created the Agricultural Tenancy Commission to administer problems
arising from tenancy. Through this Commission 28,000 hectares were issued to
settlers.
What were this administration’s key support programs on AR?

 • Creation of the Agricultural Credit and Cooperative Financing Administration

(ACCFA), a government agency formed to provide warehouse facilities and
assist farmers market their products.
 • Organization of Farmers Cooperatives and Marketing Associations
(FACOMAs).
 • Resettlement program pursued through National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) or RA No. 1160 of 1954, established
to pursue the government’s resettlement program and to accelerate free
distribution of agricultural lands to landless tenants and farmers. It particularly
aimed to convince members of the HUKBALAHAP movement to return to a
peaceful life by giving them homelots and farmlands settlement.
 • Establishment of an Agricultural and Industrial Bank to provide easier terms
in applying for homestead and other farmland.
Did these interventions improve the land ownership and
tenancy situation?
 • Out of the targeted 300 haciendas for distribution, only 41
were distributed after its 7 years of implementation. This
was due to lack of funds and inadequate support services
provided for these programs.
 • Landlords continued to be uncooperative and critical to the
program; and landownership and tenancy problems
continued.
Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

 Was there legislation on land reform under this

administration?
 • There was no legislation passed in his term but he
continued to implement the land reform programs of
President Magsaysay.
Diosdasdo Macapagal (1961-1965)

Why was President Diosdado Macapagal considered the “Father of

Agrarian Reform”?

 • It was during his term that the Agricultural Land Reform Code or
RA No. 3844 was enacted on August 8, 1963. This was considered to
be the most comprehensive piece of agrarian reform legislation ever
enacted in the country.
Why was RA No. 3844 considered the most comprehensive piece of
legislation ever enacted in the Philippines?

 • This Act abolished share tenancy in the Philippines. It prescribed a

program converting the tenant farmers to lessees and eventually into
owner-cultivators;
 • It aimed to free tenants from the bondage of tenancy and gave hope
to poor Filipino farmers
 • It emphasized owner-cultivatorship and farmer independence, equity,
productivity improvement and the public distribution of land.
What happened to the implementation of this Act?

 • The landed Congress did not provide effort to come up with a

separate bill to provide funding for its implementation. A ii ii Bureau
of Agrarian Reform Information and Education. However, this act was
piloted in the provinces of Pangasinan, Bulacan, Nueva
Ecija,Pampanga, Tarlac, Occidental Mindoro, Camarines Sur and
Misamis Oriental.
 • It acquired a total of 18,247.06 hectares or 99.29% out of the total
scope of 18,377.05 hectares. The program benefited 7,466 Farmer
Beneficiaries.
Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)

What was the heart of President Marcos’ Agrarian Reform Program?

 • Presidential Decree No. 27 became the heart of the Marcos reform. It provided
for tenanted lands devoted to rice and corn to pass ownership to the tenants, and
lowered the ceilings for landholdings to 7 hectares. The law stipulated that share
tenants who worked from landholding of over 7 hectares could purchase the land
they tilled, while share tenants on land less than 7 hectares would become
leaseholders.
How can this Agrarian Reform Program help the farmers?
 • His agrarian reform program was designed to uplift the farmers from poverty
and ignorance and to make them useful, dignified, responsible and progressive
partners in nation- building. His AR program was a package of service extended
to farmers in the form of credit support, infrastructure, farm extension, legal
assistance, electrification and development of rural institutions.
What were the major components of President Marcos’
Agrarian Reform Program?

 1. Land Tenure Program

 2. Institutional Development
 3. Physical Development
 4. Agricultural Development ; and
 5. Human Resources
Why was President Marcos’ agrarian reform program labeled as “revolutionary” by
some sectors??
 • It was considered revolutionary for two reasons:
 1. It was pursued under Martial Law and intended to make quick changes without
going through legislative or technical processes;
 2. It was the only law in the Philippines ever done in handwriting.

What were some of the limitations of his agrarian reform program?

 • Scope of program was limited only to tenanted, privately- owned rice and corn
lands;
 • Monopoly of businessmen in the coconut and sugar industries. Foreign and
local firms were allowed to use large tracks of land for their business;
• Declaration of Martial Law leading to the arrest of several
farmer leaders without due process of law due to suspension
of the Writ of Habias Corpus.

• Implementation of the programs were not included in the

provision of PD

• Excluding about 3.5 Million landless and tenant farmers

under plantation crops.
Corazon C. Aquino ( 1986-1982)
Why did Pres. Aquino put AR as cornerstone of her administration?
 • She believed that “The stewardship of the land that the landlords
were said to have neglected shall now pass, as the law is
implemented, to the tillers. That stewardship should weigh as heavily
on the many as it did on the few.

The same bottom line applies to them:

 the wisest use of the land for the greatest generation of wealth for
themselves and for the entire nation”. (Speech during the signing of
the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Bill, June 10, 1988)
What AR legislations and issuances passed under her administration?

 • Proclamation 131, instituted the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

(CARP) as a major program of the government. It provided for a special fund
known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF) in the amount of 50 Billion pesos to
cover the estimated cost of the program for the period 1987-1997.
 EO 129-A, reorganized the Department of Agrarian Reform and expanded in
power and operations. (The Record and Legacy of the Aquino Administration in
AR: Executive Summary, Planning Service, DAR) EO 228, declared full
ownership of the land to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also
regulated (fixed) the value of remaining rice and corn lands for coverage
provided for the manner of payment by the farmer-beneficiaries and the mode of
compensation (form of payment) to the landowners.
 EO 229, provided the administrative processes for land registration or
LISTASAKA program, acquisition of private land and compensation
procedures for landowners. It specified the structure and functions of units
that will coordinate and supervise the implementation of the program.
 • RA 6657 or Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL), an act
instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social
justice and Industrialization, providing the mechanism for its implementation
and for other purposes.
Were there measures to speed up CARP implementation?
 • To strengthen CARP and fast track its implementation, President Aquino
issued the following Executive Orders (EO):
 • E.O. No. 405 , gave the Land Bank of the Philippines the primary
responsibility for the land valuation function in order for DAR to concentrate
its efforts on the identification of landholdings and beneficiaries, the
distribution of acquired lands, and the other sub-components of the program.
 E.O. No. 406, emphasized that CARP is central to the government’s efforts to
hasten countryside agro-industrial development and directed the implementing
agencies to align their respective programs and projects with CARP.
 • This created CARP implementing teams from the national to the municipal
levels and gave priority to 24 strategic operating provinces where the bulk of
CARP workload lies.
 E.O. No. 407 - directed all government financing institutions (GFIs) and
government owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs) to immediately
transfer to DAR all their landholdings suitable for agriculture.
 • E.O. No. 448 – pursued the policy that government should lead efforts in
placing lands for coverage under CARP. It directed the immediate turn-over of
government reservations, no longer needed, that are suitable for agriculture.
What were the other accomplishments of the Aquino administration in the
implementation of the agrarian reform program?

 • Grants and budgetary support from official development assistance (ODA)

circles
 • Recognition of agrarian reforms as a worthwhile social investment
 • Improvement of the status of tenant-tillers
 • Introduction of the present adjudication system
 • Program of support services for farmer beneficiaries to become productive and
transform them into entrepreneurs
 • Promotion of livelihood and agro-industrial projects
 • Support and active involvement in program implementation of key stakeholders
What were some of the challenges faced by the administration in the
implementation of CARP?

 • Failure to address the loopholes of CARP particularly for land valuation,

retention limits, coverage, exemption/exclusion, commercial farming, and
stock distribution
 • Absence of clear guidelines on land use conversion
 • Absence of measures to protect the rights of the tribal communities over
their ancestral domain
 • Major budgetary shortfall of Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF)
 • Many changes of leadership in DAR which led to lack of continuity in
priority programs
 • Inability to distribute the prioritized private agricultural lands
 • Land valuation controversies
 • Inter-agency coordination problems
 • Allegation that EO 229 opened the door for politicians and landlords
to shortcut processes in CARP implementation
 • Allegation on misuse of foreign funds intended for CARP projects
 • Allegation on lack of political will, leadership and genuine
commitment to implement the program.
Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

What did he do for CARP?

 • When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to
face with publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His administration
committed to the vision “Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian
Reform Program.
What were his contributions to CARP?
 • Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted
fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP.
 • Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.
 • Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting
conditions under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions
under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for
conversion or highly restricted for conversion. Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)
 • Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) – Plugged
the legal loopholes in land use conversion.
 • Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) – Provided an additional Php50 billion
for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years.

JOSEPH ESTRADA
• widened the coverage of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) to the landless
peasants in the country side.
• Distributed 266,000 hectares of land to175,000 farmers in the start of his career.
• EO 151(executive order 151)- – also known as Farmer’s Trust Fund, which allows the voluntary
consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can
access long-term capital.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
 • landless farmers and farmworkers will receive a family sized farms and not just compensations
from the owner where they work in
 • Year 2002: – DAR was able to distribute 111,772 hectares to 75,560 agrarian reform beneficiaries
(ARBs), over 11 percent of the target of 100,000 hectares set by President Arroyo during her state-
of-the- nation address.
 • January to March 2003, DAR distributed 11,095 hectares, higher than the 10,307 hectares and
10,033 hectares distributed during the same period in 2001 and 2002, respectively.
 • KALAHI Agrarian Reform Zones – which are contiguous agrarian reform communities (ARCs)
where support services for ARBs will be given more focus and are envisioned to become hubs of
agro-industrial development.
 • Land Tenure Improvement – DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and
distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land
distribution and leasehold.
 CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included package of
support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services,
irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and
technical support programs.
 • DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area
focused and integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones
that will help in the creation of job opportunities in the countryside.
 • To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal
officers to support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota
system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform cases.
Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

 The DAR said that:

• P10 billion of its total budget for next year will go to land tenure’s improvement, which include
landowners’ compensation;
 • P7.3 billion to program beneficiaries’ development made up of support services in the form of
basic rural infrastructure projects and skills development program;
 • P1 billion to agrarian justice delivery.
 • The 6,000-hectare Hacienda Luisita sugar plantation is owned by the Cojuangco family, of which
President Benigno Aquino is the leading scion. When his mother, Corazon Aquino, assumed the
presidency in the aftermath of the Marcos dictatorship, she was immediately confronted with
demands from working people for concessions, including for land for the country’s impoverished
peasantry. Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III
 • The Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR) and Presidential Agrarian Reform Council (PARC)
have asked the Supreme Court (SC) to order the distribution of 4,915.75 hectares of sugarland to
6,296 original farmer-beneficiaries. -Government wants Luisita distributed to tenants By Edu Punay
(The Philippine Star) Benigno Simeon S. Aquino III

Reasons of some failures in the Program

 • The program stopped at the land redistribution and failed to provide the other companion measures
necessary for success
 • The farmers are not prepared to take over the responsibilities given to them because they were not
organized and did not have proper orientation needed for such undertaking
 • There was haphazard planning on the part of the government officials who were initiating the
program
THANK YOU !!!!