BIOLOGY II

THE MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
P R E S E N T E D B Y: J A N D E E L E E | A U G 2 7 2 0 1 9
KEY DISCUSSION POINTS
What is Muscular System?
Classification of Muscles
Types Of Muscles
Functions of Muscles
Properties of each types
Trivia:
1. The body contains more than 600 muscles.
2. The largest muscle in the body is the GLUTUS
MAXIMUS.
3. The strongest muscle, based on its size, is the
MASSETER.
4. Most of the heat produced in your body comes from
muscle contraction
5. The hardest working muscle in the body is the heart.
 WHAT IS MUSCULAR
SYSTEM?
• Specialized tissue that enable the body and its parts to
move.

• Muscles are responsible for all types of body

movement
 FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLE
MA IN TAINA NCE O F
MO VEMEN T.
POST URE AND MU SCL E
TONE .

PRO TE CT S T HE BONE S AND

HE AT PR OD UCT ION. IN TE R NAL O RGAN .
 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MUSCLE
FUNCTION
ALLY:
• Vol unta r y - Musc le s that a re under consci o us co ntrol and can be
co ntrol l e d at wi l l.

• Inv ol unta r y - Al so kno wn a s smo oth musc les, are the m uscl es in the
human bo dy that a ct wi thout consci ous co ntrol o r ca nno t be
STRUCTUR co ntrol l e d at wi l l.

ALLY:
• Stri a te d - Compose d of musc le fi bers

• Smo o th - N o St r i a t i o ns
A NT E RI O R V IE W POSTE R IO R V IEW
SK ELETAL MU SC L E •C AR DIA C M US CL E •S MO OTH M USCLE
SKELETAL MUSCLE
• FUNCTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

• Maintain posture and body

position
• Maintain body temperature
• Store nutrients
• Stabilize joints
• SITES OF MUSCLE ATTACHMENT

• Bones
• Cartilage
• Connective Tissue Coverings
 CONNECTIVE TISSUE WRAPPINGS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

•Endomysium- around single

muscle fiber
•Perimysium– around a
fascicle (bundle) of fibers
•Epimysium- covers the entire
skeletal muscle
•Fascia– on the outside of the
 STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

• Most muscles attach to two bones that have moveable joint between
them.
Origin- The attachment to the bone that does not move.
Insertion- The attachment to the bone that moves.
• Tendons- Anchor muscle firmly to bones.
• Ligaments- Connect bone to bone at a joint.
• Bursae- Small fluid sacs that lie between some tendons and bones
beneath them.
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

•Cells are multinucleate

•Nuclei are just beneath the sarcolemma
•Sarcolemma–specialized plasma membrane
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

•Myofibril •I band =
–Bundles of myofilaments   light band
•–Myofibrils are aligned to give distinct •A band = 
dark band
bands
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

••Sarcomere
–Contractile unit of a muscle fiber.
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

••Organization of the sarcomere

•–Thick filaments = myosin filaments
•Composed of the protein myosin
 MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE

••Myosin filaments have heads (extensions, or cross bridges)

••Myosin and actin overlap somewhat
•Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) – stores calcium
PROPERTIES OF MUSCLES
CARDIAC MUSCLE
 CARDIAC MUSCLES

• Has striations
• involuntary
• Usually has a single
nucleus
• Joined to another 
muscle cell at an
intercalated disc.
• Found only in the heart
• Healthy carduac
SMOOTH MUSCLE
 SMOOTH MUSCLES

• Has no striations
• Spindle-shaped cells
• Single nucleus
• Involuntary – no
conscious control
• Found in walls of
hollow organs
 MUSCLE
IS STIMULATED BY NERVE

• Skeletal muscles must

be stimulated by a
nerve to contract
• Motor unit
–One neuron
–Muscle cells
stimulated by that
 NERVE STIMULUS TO MUSCLE

• Neuromuscular junctions – the site

of nerve and muscle association
 NERVE STIMULUS TO MUSCLE

• Synaptic cleft – gap between nerve

and muscle
–Nerve and muscle do not make
contact
–Area between nerve and muscle is
filled with interstitial fluid
 TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSE

• Neurotransmitter- a chemical released by the nerve

upon arrival of nerve impulse
–The neurotransmitter - acetylcholine
• Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the
sarcolemma
• Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+)
• Sodium enters the cell and generates an action
potential
 MUSCLE FATIGUE AND OXYGEN DEBT

• it is unable to contract
• The common reason for muscle fatigue is
oxygen debt
–Oxygen must be placed
• Increase acidity (from lactic acid) and lack of
ATP causes the muscle to contract less
 TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION

• Isotonic contractions
• –Myofilaments are able to slide past each
other during contractions
–Tension in the muscles increases
–The muscle shortens
• Isometric contractions
–Tension in the muscles increases
–The muscle is unable to shorten
HEAD AND NECK MUSCLES
TRUNK MUSCLES
 DEEP
TRUNK AND ARM MUSCLES
 PELVIS,
HIP, AND THIGH MUSCLES
MUSCLES
•of the Lower Leg