Water washing Remove hydratable gum (water degumming) and chloride

• Remove non- hydratable gum (acid degumming)

• Reduced more carotene than water degumming
Degumming • Carotenoid is proposed to act as oil-soluble chlorinating agent that promotes
the 3-mcpde and GE formation

Neutralization of oil by adding sodium bicarbonate before deodorization is a

Add NaHCO3 possibility to reduce the levels of the esters

Further remove non- hydratable gums and peroxides by decomposition and

Bleaching adsorption on bleaching earth

• Formation of GE is more likely attributed by the heat treatment,

Deodorization deodorization compared to 3-mcpde.
• Heat bleaching to remove colour pigment.
CPO Washing PP Trial 2
Crude
Crude PO
PO (DOBI:2.33)
(DOBI:2.33)

5%
5% water
water dosage
dosage 10%
10% water
water dosage
dosage
Temperature:
Temperature: 9090oCC
o Temperature:
Temperature: 9090oCC
o

Duration:
Duration: 10
10 minutes
minutes Duration:
Duration: 10
10 minutes
minutes
Speed
Speed mixing (rpm):
mixing (rpm): 130
130 Speed
Speed mixing (rpm):
mixing (rpm): 130
130

Drying
Drying
Temperature:
Temperature: 95
95oCC
o

Duration:
Duration: 10
10 minutes
minutes

Degumming
Degumming Degumming
Degumming
0.05% 0.055%
0.055% H H33PO
PO44 (85%
(85% conc)
conc)
0.05% H
H33PO
PO44 (85%
(85% conc)
conc)
Duration:
Duration: 15
15 minutes
minutes
   Temperature:
Temperature: 75 75oCC
o

Bleaching
Bleaching
Neutralization
Neutralization
1.5%Wantotik
1.5%Wantotik Super
Super 1A
1A 1%
1% of NaHCO33 (powder
of NaHCO (powder form)
form)
0.055%
0.055% HH33PO
PO44 (85%
(85% conc)
conc)
Duration:
Duration: 30
30 minutes
minutes
Temperature:
Temperature: 7575oCC
o

Deodourisation
Deodourisation
245
245oCC 11 hour
o
hour Bleaching
Bleaching
1.5%Wantotik
1.5%Wantotik Super
Super 1A
1A
Duration:
Duration: 30
30 minutes
minutes
Temperature:
Temperature: 95
95oCC
o

Deodourisation
Deodourisation
Duration:
Duration: 11 hr
hr 30
30 minutes
minutes
Temperature:
Temperature: 95 95oCC
o
 Chloride content (ppm) Phosphorus content (ppm)

30
28.2 28.2 28.2 28.227.3
26.2 26.2 25.3

18
15 16
14

7.1 7.1 7.6 7.1 7.1 6.9 5.6 5.7

5.8
3.9 2.7

5%H2O (SET 1) 5%H2O (SET 2) 10%H2O (SET 1) 10%H2O (SET 2)

5%H2O (SET 1) 5%H2O (SET 2) 10%H2O (SET 1) 10%H2O (SET 2)

Input Washed CPO RBD PO

R B D L o v ib o n d R e d C o lo u r
Input Washed CPO RBD PO

3-MCPDe and GE FOR RBDPO

1.6
8.0
1.3 1.3
1.1 7.0

6.0
0.6 5.0 4.7 4.8
4.2
4.0 3.7
0.2 0.2 0.1 3.0

2.0
5%H2O (SET 1) 5%H2O (SET 2) 10%H2O (SET 10%H2O (SET
1.0
1) 2)
0.0
5%H2O (SET 1) 5%H2O (SET 2) 10%H2O (SET 1) 10%H2O (SET 2)
3-MCPDe GE
 Overall result from Pilot Lab Trial 1
5% H2O (SET 1) 5% H2O (SET 2)
Analysis RBD washed 1 washed
st
RBD washed
cPO 1st washed cPO Bleached PO cPO Bleached PO
PO cPO PO
FFA % (as oleic) - - - 0.021 - - - 0.020
Peroxide value - - - 3.0 - - - 1.7
DOBI 2.33 - - - 2.33 - - -
Colour (5.25" Lovibond
- - - 4.7 R - - - 4.8 R
cell) (max 3.0)
Phosphorus (ppm) - 26.2 - 5.6 - 26.20 - 5.70
Chloride (ppm) - 15 - 5.8 - 30.00 - 7.60
Nickel (ppm) - - 0.000 - - - 0.000 -
Ferum (ppm) - - 0.731 - - - 0.761 -
3-MCPDe - - - 1.085 - - - 1.313
Glycidyl esters - - - 0.234 - - - 0.151
10% H2O (SET 1) 10% H2O (SET 2)
Analysis RBD washed 1 washed
st
RBD washed
cPO 1st washed cPO Bleached PO cPO Bleached PO
PO cPO PO
FFA % (as oleic) - - - 0.017 - - - 0.010
Peroxide value - - - 2.2 - - - 2.2
DOBI 2.33 - - - 2.33 - - -
Colour (5.25" Lovibond
- - - 3.7 R - - - 4.2 R
cell) (max 3.0)
Phosphorus (ppm) - 25.3 - 2.7 - 26.20 - 14.00
Chloride (ppm) - 18 - 3.9 - 30.00 - 6.90
Nickel (ppm) - - 0.000 - - - 0.000 -
Ferum (ppm) - - 0.129 - - - 0.377 -
3-MCPDe - - - 1.285 - - - 1.582
Glycidyl esters - - - 0.616 - - - 0.116
 Outcome from first trial
1) There is not much difference between 5% water dosage and 10% water dosage on 3-mcpde and ge formation.
 CPO Washing PP Trial 2

CPO
DOBI: 2.33

0% Washed & 5% Washed & 10% Washed &

Dried Dried Dried

Degummed & Degummed & Degummed &

Neutralized Neutralized Neutralized

Bleached Bleached Bleached

*Process condition trial 1 and 2 are

Deodorisation Deodorisation Deodorisation
245’C within 3 hrs 245’C within 3 hrs 245’C within 3 hrs same except duration during
deodorization
 CPO Washing PP Trial 2 - Result
Chloride content (ppm) *Chloride input is 34 ppm Phosphorus content (ppm) *Phosphorus input is 22.1 ppm

25 26 25.6
13.00
20.4

7.9 7.80

4.7 5.0 5.7 4.80 9.8

4.2 4.00
2.1 6.7
4.9
1.9 2.3 1.2
Washed CPO RBD PO
Washed CPO RBD PO
Control (without NaHCO3) Control (with NaHCO3)

R B D L o v ib o n d R e d C o lo u r
Control (without NaHCO3) Control (with NaHCO3) 5%H2O (without NaHCO3) 5%H2O (with NaHCO3)
5%H2O (without NaHCO3) 5%H2O (with NaHCO3) 10%H2O (without NaHCO3) 10%H2O (with NaHCO3)
10%H2O (without NaHCO3) 10%H2O (with NaHCO3)

13.8
3-MCDPE and GE for RDBPO

5.1
4.7
2.1 2.2 2.2 2.5 2.1 3.7 3.6
4.0

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3

3-MCPDe GE
Control 5%H2O 5%H2O (with 10%H2O 10%H2O
(without NaHCO3) (without (with
Control 5%H2O (without NaHCO3) NaHCO3) NaHCO3) NaHCO3)

5%H2O (with NaHCO3) 10%H2O (without NaHCO3)

10%H2O (with NaHCO3) RBD Lovibond Red colour
 Control
Analysis Washed cPO (after
cPO Bleached PO RBD washed PO
drying)
FFA % (as oleic) 4.1 - 0.035
Peroxide value 0.88 - 1.50
DOBI 2.31 - -
Colour (5.25" Lovibond cell) - - Y37 R3.7
Iron (Fe) - NO WASHING 2.000 -
Phosphorus (ppm) 22.1 - 1.90
Chloride (ppm) 34.0 - 4.20
3-MCPDe - - 2.144
Glycidyl esters - - 0.423
 5% H2O (deodorised 3hr, without sodium bicarbonate) 5% H2O (deodorised 3hr, with sodium bicarbonate)

Analysis cPO Washed cPO Bleached PO RBDPO cPO Washed cPO Bleached PO RBDPO
(after drying) (after drying)
             

FFA % (as oleic) 4.1 - - 0.03 4.1 - - 0.03

Peroxide value 0.9 - - 0.7 0.88 - - 0.4
DOBI 2.3 - - - 2.31 - - -
Colour (5.25" Lovibond
- - - Y3.6 R3.6 - - - Y40 R4.1
cell)
Iron (Fe) - - 0.5 - - - 0.2 -
Phosphorus (ppm) 22.1 25.0 - 9.8 22.1 20.4 - 6.7
Chloride (ppm) 34.0 7.9 - 5.0 34.0 4.7 - 5.7
3-MCPDe - - - 2.2 - - - 2.2
Glycidyl esters - - - 13.8 - - - 0.3
               
10% H2O (deodorised 3hr, without sodium bicarbonate) 10% H2O (deodorised 3hr, with sodium bicarbonate)
Analysis Washed cPO RBDPO
Washed cPO
cPO (after drying) Bleached PO cPO (after drying) Bleached PO RBDPO
         
   
FFA % (as oleic) 4.1 - - 0.04 4.1 - - 0.05
- - 1.5 0.9 - - 1.9
Peroxide value 0.88 - - - 2.3 - - -
DOBI 2.31 - - - - - - -
Colour (5.25" Lovibond
- - - Y47 R4.7 - - - Y51 R5.1
cell)
Iron (Fe) - - 2.0 - - - 1.1 -
Phosphorus (ppm) 22.1 26.0 - 1.2 22.1 25.6 - 4.9
Chloride (ppm) 34.0 7.8 - 4.8 34.0 13.0 - 4.0
3-MCPDe - - - 2.5 - - - 2.1
Glycidyl esters - - - 0.3 - - - 0.3
 CPO Washing PP Trial 3
CPO
Water washing (X
DOBI:2.51 Separation of Degumming & Deodorisation at
%) for 15 minutes RBD PO
Betacarotene: oil & water Bleaching 245’C
(200 rpm)
533.40

Water Refining FFA Colour PV

Deo duration 3-MCPDe GE
Washing % cycle Max 0.1 Max 3.0 Max 5.0

0% 1st 2 hours 3.97 3.14 0.019 Y27 R2.7 NIL

1st 2.15 1.11 0.020 Y58 R5.8 0.43

10 % 2nd 2 hours
2.04 0.88 0.014 Y28 R2.8 NIL

1st 3.71 0.58 0.039 Y40 R4.9 0.5

20 % 2nd 2 hours
2.86 0.58 0.024 Y31 R3.1 NIL
 CPO Washing PP Trial 4

1mmol NaHCO3/1kg
of oil
(Neutralization with
3% sodium
0.065% bicarbonate)
Phosphoric acid
(85%
Concentration) 2mmol NaHCO3/1kg
of oil Filteration
(Neutralization with (two times)
3% sodium
bicarbonate )
Bleaching Deodorisation
Washing CPO
(1.5% Wantotik (245ºC for 2
DOBI:2.33 Super 1A) hours)
(20% H2O )
1mmol NaHCO3/1kg
of oil
(Neutralization with
3% sodium
bicarbonate)
0.055%
Phosphoric acid
(85% 2mmol NaHCO3/1kg
Concentration) of oil
(Neutralization with
3% sodium
bicarbonate)