Blood Grouping

Presented by: Muniba Manzoor, Roll No. 28

Presented to: Dr. Saba
Introduction
Blood is composed of RBCs , WBCs, platelets and plasma.
Antibodies are present in plasma while antigens for blood grouping
are present on surface of RBCs.
A blood is classified by the type of antigens on RBCs and/or type of
antibodies in the plasma.
Antigens can be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins or
glycolipids depending upon the blood group system.
There are 36 types of blood group systems and 346 antigens but
two most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh blood
group system.
ABO blood group system was discovered by Karl Landsteiner in
1901 and Rh blood group system was discovered by Karl
Landsteiner and Alexander S. Wiener in 1937
Blood group systems
An individual’s blood type is one of many possible
combinations of blood group antigens.
Almost always an individual has same blood group for
life but rarely due to addition or suppression of antigen
blood group is changed because of infection,
malignancy, autoimmune disease or bone marrow
transplant.
Some blood types are associated with inheritence of
other diseases, for example Kell antigen is associated
with Mcleod syndrome.
Some blood types may affect susceptibility to
infections, for example resistance to certain malaria
species in people lacking Duffy antigen.
Blood groups are inherited from parents in the same
way as other genetic traits.
Each blood group is contributed by both the parents.
ABO blood group system
This involves two antigens, antigen A and antigen B and
two antibodies, anti-A and anti-B antibody.
Antigens are present on the surface of RBCs while
antibodies are present in blood plasma.
According to presence of these antigens and antibodies
there are four types of blood group.
i. Blood group A: antigen A with anti-B antibody
ii. Blood group B: antigen B with anti-A antibody
iii. Blood group AB: antigens A and B but no antibodies
iv. Blood group O: no antigens but both A and B antibodies
ABO blood system is most important in human blood
transfusion because there is agglutination reaction
between similar antigen and antibody.
The anti-A and anti-B antibodies are immunoglobulin M
abbreviated IgM antibodies which are produced in the
first year of life.
H antigen is precursor to ABO blood group antigens and
it is present in all RBCs irrespective of the blood type.
Persons with raere Bombay phenotype lack this antigen
H on RBCs due to expression of H gene in homozygous
condition (HH).
The gene for ABO blood group system is present on
chromosome 9 and gene for H anitigen is present on
chromosome 11.
The inheritence of one or more alternative forms of
this gene A, B or O results in different blood groups.
ABO inheritance pattern
Rh blood group system
It is second most important blood group system with
crrently 50 antigens but most important Rh antigen is
D-antigen because it can provoke immune response of
five main Rh antigens.
There are two types of blood group, Rh positive and Rh
negative depending upon presence or absence of these
antigens.
In D-negative people there is no anti-D IgG or IgM
antibodies but they can produce antibopdies IgG due
to sensitization from D-positive RBCs which can
develop diseases in these cases.
The genes for this blood group are RHD and RHCE
present on the chromosome 1.
RHD gene is dominant so if only one gene (allele) is
present, person will be Rh positive and for Rh negative
no RHD gene is inherited.
Rh inheritance pattern
Thank You