MATHEMATICS FOR ECONOMICS II

4/5/2020
INTEGRATION AND AREA
Integration and area

• Figure 8.6 Area under the curve approximately equal to the sum of areas of
rectangles.

y
y =f (x)

y2 y3 yn-1
y1

 x x x x x
x=b
x=a

 y  x  y  x  y  x  ......  y  x
1 2 3 n 
Area ib
Area   yi  x
i a
Integration and area

• Figure 8.7 Decreasing the size of xgives a better approximation to area



y
y = f(x)

x
x=a x=b

widths, x  0
Use Integration to determine the exact area

• When dealing with infinitely small changes, the notations change:

• As in differentiation, replace 

x by dx to indicate that 
x is approaching zero.

• Also replace the summation sign,

, by the integral sign
x b x b

 y x   y dx 
• Therefore, xa xa as x tends to 0
x b

 y dx
xa
• is called the definite integral of y w.r.t x between the limits of

integration, a and b.
Integration and area
• Figure 8.8 Area under the curve is determined exactly by integration.

y = f(x)

x b
Area =  f (x) dx
x a

x
x=a x=b

x b
 x b
Net area = f ( x) dx  F( x) x a  F(b)  F(a)
x a (8.9
)
• Examples of definite integration
x 3 x4

 x  2 dx ( f ( x)  x  2 ) x f ( x)  x
2 2
(a) (b) dx therefore
x 1 x0

x2 x3
 x  2 dx   2 x  c = F(x)  x dx   c = F(x)
2
Step 1: Step 1:
2 3

x2 x3
Step 2: F( x )   2 x  c , therefore, Step 2: F( x )   c , therefore,
2 3

(3) 2 ( 4) 3 64
at x = 3, F(3)   2(3)  c  10 . 5  c at x  4, F( x )  c c
2 3 3

(1) 2 ( 0) 3 0
at x = 1, F(1)   2(1)  c  2 .5  c at x  0, F( x )  c  c  c
2 3 3

Therefore, Therefore,

x3 x4
x2
 x  2 dx   2x  c x dx  F(4)  F(0)
2

x 1
2 x0

 F(3)  F(1) 64
(  c)  (c)
 (10 . 5  c)  (2 . 5  c) 3
 10 . 5  c  2 . 5  c 64
  21. 33
8 3