Engineering Drawing N2

Engineering Drawing
N2
Module 1: General engineering drawing terms
DRAWING TECHNOLOGY
A draughts-person communicates with an artisan or technician by means of
an engineering drawing. On the drawing, the form or shape will be indicated,
along with all the necessary sizes and dimensions.
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Module 1: General engineering drawing terms (continued)
ABBREVIATIONS
NAME ABB NAME ABB NAME ABB
Centre C Centreline CL Cylinder and Cylindrical CYL
Degrees ° Diameter DIA Drawing DRAW
Hexagon HEX Across flats AF or A/F Assembly ASSY
Counterbore CBORE Countersunk CSK Pitch-Circle Diameter PCD
Internal diameter ID Outside Diameter OD Material MAT
Maximum MAX Meter M Millimetre MM
Radius RAD Across corners A/C Chamfered CHAM
Countersunk Head CSK Hexagonal Nut HEX NUT
HD
Module 1: General engineering drawing terms (continued)
COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

A computing device can consist of:
• DOS (disk operating system); • Floppy Disk;
• CAD (computer-aided design); • CPU;
• Monitor; • Directory;
• Hard drive; • RAM;
• Keyboard; • Plotter; and
• CD Rom; • External storage.
Module 2: Fastening devices and welding
INTRODUCTION
There are various types of fastening devices and the fastening of
components is done by using different methods of welding. Various kinds of
industrial applications use a variety and sizes of bolts, nuts and screws.
In the engineering industry, a simplified method, also known as a
conventional method, of drilled or tapped holes is used in a simplified
representation.
Module 2: Fastening devices and welding (continued)
THE CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF A DRILLED AND A

TAPPED HOLE
The represented angles for the drilled holes are illustrated:
THE APPROXIMATE PROPORTIONS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

• Hexagonal bolt/nut = 1,5D (across the flats)
• Height of bolt head = 0,7D
• Height of nut = 0,8D
• Thread = 0,1D
• Thread before nut = 0,3D
• Thread after nut = 0,3D
THE CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF BOLTS, NUTS AND

STUDS ASSEMBLY
THE THREADED ASSEMBLIES
THREADED FASTENERS
• Types of bolt heads: • Types of machine screws:
• Square-head bolt; • Round head;
• Tee-head bolt; • Cheese-head;
• Cheese-head bolt; • Countersunk head;
• Hook-head bolt. • Socket head;
• Instrument head;
• Fillister-head.
LOCKING DEVICES
• Spring washers;
• Simmonds nut;
• Slotted nut;
• Castle nut;
• Tab washer;
• Lock nut.
KEYS AND KEYWAYS

• Rectangular and square keys;
• Gib head keys.
ELECTRICAL FITTINGS AND FASTENERS

• PVC conduit fittings and fasteners;
• Metal conduit fittings and fasteners.
WELDING
Welds can be geometrically prepared in many different ways. The five basic
types of weld joints are the butt joint, lap joint, corner joint, edge joint, and T-
joint (a variant of this last is the cruciform joint).
WELDING PROCESSES
• The arc welding process creates and maintains an electric arc between
an electrode and the base material to melt metals at the welding point.
• The most common gas welding process is oxy-fuel welding also known
as oxyacetylene welding.
• Resistance welding involves the generation of heat by passing current
through the resistance caused by the contact between two or more metal
surfaces.
CLASSIFICATION OF WELDED
JOINTS
Butt joints:
Corner joints:
Lap joints:
Edge joints:
T-joints:
TYPICAL JOINT AND WELD TYPES

Fillet:
Square butt:
Single Vee Butt:
WELDING TERMINOLOGY
• Welding symbol – a combination of icons, figures and references to
indicate the welding process, the position and required type of weld, the
final finish and the dimensions.
• Reference line – a horizontal on which the weld information is placed
• Arrow – connects the reference line to the joint and points out the position
of the weld.
• Other side – the weld will be on the opposite side of the arrow head.
SUPPLEMENTARY SYMBOLS
• Weld all round:
• Weld on site:
• Finish:
• C – chisel;
• F – flame;
• G – grinding;
• M – machining.
Module 3: Screw Threads
REPRESENTATION OF METRIC SCREW THREAD
Module 3: Screw Threads (continued)
THE V-SHAPED SCREW THREAD

The V-shaped screw thread is cut around a cylindrical external surface in a
continuous helical groove shape to form the screw thread, which is also cut
on an internal surface to form a screw thread.
Module 4: Machine Symbols
BASIC MACHINE SYMBOLS

The basic symbol used when a particular surface or texture is to be obtained
by a process not involving the removal of material, for example etching,
plating or pressing.
Module 4: Machine Symbols (continued)
IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECT USE OF THE MAHINING SYMBOL

This illustration represents surface texture obtained by material removal by
machining operation:
This illustration represents surface texture obtained by WITHOUT material

removal by machining:
ROUGHNESS VALUES AND GRADE NUMBERS

Roughness values Ra Roughness values Ra Roughness
Micrometer Microinches Grade numbers

50 2,000 N12
25 1,000 N11
3,2 125 N8
0,4 16 N5
0,1 4 N3
0,025 1 N1
APPLICATION OF MACHINING SYMBOLS INCLUDING ROUGHNESS

VALUES
Roughness value of 12,5 Roughness value of 12,5
be obtained with the removal of material: be obtained without the removal of material:
PRODUCTION METHOD, TREATMENT AND COATING

a = Roughness value in micrometres
b = Production method, treatment or coating
c = Sampling length
d = Direction lay
e = Machining allowance
f = Other roughness value than Ra
Module 5: First-angle orthographic projection
INTRODUCTION
Orthographic projection is a method of breaking three-dimensional (3D)
drawings into two-dimensional views. Multiple two-dimensional (2D) views
used during the manufacturing processes show the dimensions clearer than
a single orientation three-dimensional views.
Module 5: First-angle orthographic projection (continued)
PRINCIPAL OF FIRST-ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

Orthographic projection requires the projection of a three-dimensional object
onto an imaginary plane, resulting in the creation of a two-dimensional
shape. For orthographic projection, two principal planes are intersecting each
other at 90°, namely the horizontal and vertical planes. The principal plane
divides the space into four quadrants with each quadrant represented its
angle of intersection.
ANGLE OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

In order to project the shape of an object onto a plane, it need to be placed
within one of the four quadrants. In the case of first-angle orthographic
projection, the object is placed in quadrant one.
FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION SYMBOL

The projection symbol at the bottom of a drawing indicates that the drawing
was drawn in first-angle orthographic projection.
THE LAYOUT OF AN ENGINEERING DRAWING
SECTIONAL DRAWING AND SECTIONAL VIEWS

The function of a sectional view is to allow you to have a view of
inside the object. Using sectional views can be very useful for parts that have
a complex interior geometry.
Module 6: Isometric Drawing
THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ISOMETRIC CIRCLE

Step 1: Construct a square with 40mm sides and mark the corners A,B,C,D.
Step 2: Draw a straight line from corner B to corner D.
Step 3: Find the centres of the sides of the square and mark them a,b,c,d.
Step 4: Place the sharp point of the compass at corner A and draw an arc from point b to
point c. Keep the compass at the same measurement and place the sharp point of the
compass on point C of the square, draw an arc from point d to point a.
Step 5: Draw a line from corner A to point c the middle of line CD, where line Ac crosses line
BD mark that as point e. Draw a line from corner C to point a, the middle of line AB, where
line Ca crosses line BD mark that as point f.
Step 6: Place the sharp point of the compass at point e and draw an arc from point c to point
d. Keep the compass at the same measurement and place the sharp point of the compass
at point f and draw an arc from point a to point b.
Module 6: Isometric Drawing (continued)
CIRCULAR ARCS OR RADII

The construction for these arcs or radii is the same as for a full ellipse. The
full ellipse will now not be drawn, but only the part or portion of the ellipse
that is needed.
Module 7: Third-angle orthographic projection
SECTIONING
The same sectioning methods and procedures as in first-angle orthographic
projection are applied.
Module 8: Interpenetration
INTERSECTION OF TWO SQUARE PIPES
Module 8: Interpenetration (continued)
INTERSECTION OF A HEXAGONAL PIPE WITH A SQUARE PIPE
INTERSECTION OF A CYLINDER WITH A SQUARE PIPE
INTERSECTION OF TWO CYLINDERS
CURVES GENERATED BY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

The curve of interpenetration must be plotted once a detailed drawing is
complete. T-ends, fork-ends and rad-ends are typical components where
these curves are found. Plotting these curves of interpenetration are very
similar to plotting the curves on prisms and pipes.
CURVES OF INTERPENETRATION FOR T-ENDS

Engineering Drawing N2

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Engineering Drawing

COMPUTER HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

THE CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF A DRILLED AND A

THE APPROXIMATE PROPORTIONS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION

THE CONVENTIONAL REPRESENTATION OF BOLTS, NUTS AND

THE THREADED ASSEMBLIES

KEYS AND KEYWAYS

ELECTRICAL FITTINGS AND FASTENERS

TYPICAL JOINT AND WELD TYPES

Single Vee Butt:

REPRESENTATION OF METRIC SCREW THREAD

THE V-SHAPED SCREW THREAD

BASIC MACHINE SYMBOLS

IDENTIFICATION AND CORRECT USE OF THE MAHINING SYMBOL

This illustration represents surface texture obtained by WITHOUT material

ROUGHNESS VALUES AND GRADE NUMBERS

Micrometer Microinches Grade numbers

APPLICATION OF MACHINING SYMBOLS INCLUDING ROUGHNESS

PRODUCTION METHOD, TREATMENT AND COATING

PRINCIPAL OF FIRST-ANGLE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

ANGLE OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

FIRST-ANGLE PROJECTION SYMBOL

THE LAYOUT OF AN ENGINEERING DRAWING

SECTIONAL DRAWING AND SECTIONAL VIEWS

THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ISOMETRIC CIRCLE

CIRCULAR ARCS OR RADII

INTERSECTION OF TWO SQUARE PIPES

INTERSECTION OF A HEXAGONAL PIPE WITH A SQUARE PIPE

INTERSECTION OF A CYLINDER WITH A SQUARE PIPE

INTERSECTION OF TWO CYLINDERS

CURVES GENERATED BY MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

CURVES OF INTERPENETRATION FOR T-ENDS

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