4 Cement Slurries Additives

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training
Cement Slurries
Additives
&
FPP-FOR00749 page 1 -
Primary Cementing
• The introduction of a cementacious material into the

annulus between casing and open hole to :
• Provide zonal isolation

• Support axial load of casing strings and strings to be
run later
• Provide casing support and protection
• Support the borehole

Other Applications
• Cement repair
• Lost circulation
• Side track plugs
• Well abandonment (cement plugs)

Well Conditions
ADDITIVE CATEGORY
PROBLEM SLURRY PARAMETER SOLUTIONS
Well control, over pressure Extenders
Density
and weak formations Weighting agents
Accelerators
Temperature Thickening time
Retarders
Fluids stability
Permeable formations FLAC
Fluids loss control
Mud removal
Dispersants
Friction pressure Rheology
Gelling agents
Mixability / pompability
Plugging / bridging properties LCM
Lost circulation
Density Extenders
Microsolids
Cement Settling Stability, Low rheology
Gelling agents
Abnormal and specialized conditions

Heat strength retrogression Hydration products Silica
Particule size, fibers & flexible
Mechanical Properties Set cement matrix
particule
Cement shrinkage
Stabilized foam capability Foaming agent and stabilizers
(pore pressure decrease)
Foam Foaming tendency defoamer
The Cement
• Cement manufacturing
• Hydration of the cement
• Cement slurry
– What is a cement slurry ?
– Water to cement ratio W/C
– Yield
Cement class G
API 10A – ISO 10426-1
W/C : 44 %

Average density 3.18 kg/l (0.0376 gal/lb)
Slurry density : 1.91 kg/l (15.9 ppg)

Yield : 754.5 L/Tonne (1.136 cuft/sk)
FPP-FOR00749 page 5 - 1 sack cement = 94 lbs

Exercise 1
• Calculate the WATER/CEMENT ratio and the yield for

a 1.9 SG slurry
– Specific gravity of the dry cement 3.2

– Specific gravity of the water 1

Hydration of Cement
I II III IV V
Hours
min Days
I Pre-Induction period

II Induction period
III Acceleration period
IV Deceleration period
V Diffusion period
Thickening & Setting Time
• Control to
– Reduce WOC (reduce rig-time)
– Reduce chance for fluid/gas flow
– Allow time to complete job
• Affected by
– Temperature
– Pressure
– Cement type (class and grind)
– Mixing and placement methods

– Accelerators and Retarders
– Other additives (salt, dispersant, fluid loss additives)
Cementing additives
• Accelerators and retarders

– Change thickening time
– Alter rate of compressive strength development
• Extenders & Lightweight material

– Reduce slurry density
– Increase slurry yield
• Weighting agents
– Increase slurry density
• Dispersants
– Lower slurry viscosity

• Improve mixability
• Reduced water slurries
• Reduce friction pressure (Lower Ty and Pv)
– Adjust Rheology for mud removal efficiency
Cement Additives
• Fluid Loss additive

– Reduce slurry dehydration
– Reduce cement filter cake permeability
• Lost Circulation Material (LCM)

– Prevent loss of slurry to formation
– Induce thixiotropic slurry behaviour
• Specialties:
– Antifoam/defoamer additives
– Gelling and suspending additives
– Bonding agents
– Expansive additives
– Gas migration control additives

– Strengthening agent and “Resilient” systems
– Acid Resistant cement … or “Soluble” cement
– Salt system
– Foaming additives and stabilizers
– Self Healing system
Antifoam Agents
• Why use antifoam agents ?

– Prevent to loose pump priming
– Allow true slurry density to be mixed and pumped
• To be effective they must:
– Be insoluble in the foaming fluid
– Be more surface active than the foaming fluid
• Mechanism of action:
– Spread on foam surface with lower surface tension
– Enter foam reducing film and causing rupture
• Types of antifoam agents

– Polyglycol ethers : FP11 FP6L, D46 D47, NF3 NF7
– Silicones (defoamers) : FP21L, D144, NF6
• Concentration 0.1 to 0.2% (0.5 to 2 L/tonne cement)
Conductor pipe
• Prevents washing out under rig

• Short rig downtime
• Quick setting cement
rapid development of
compressive strength
• Accelerated slurries:
– Neat Cement + CaCl2 ( 1- 4%)
– Neat cement + seawater
– Neat cement +NaCl (3 – 8 %)

– Neat cement + Chloride-free
accelerators
• Cemented with stab-in pipe
or just driven
Accelerators
• Shorten thickening of the cement slurries (Stages I & II)

or/and accelerate the hardening process (Stages III & IV)
• Can be used to offset retarding effects of other additives
(Dispersants, FLAC)
• Calcium Chloride CaCl2: 1 to 2 % (4% max) BWOC (A7 S1,S2)

– Check type of CaCl2 : 77% or 95%
– Dissolution in water is exothermic
– CaCl2 liquid form (A7L D77)
• Salt - NaCl < 10%BWOW (A5 D44 )
• Seawater
– NaCl (2.5%) + MgCl2

– Check consistency - near river mouths
• Chloride-Free accelerators (A11 D186 )
– Blend of organic and inorganic calcium salts
– Low temperature application (artic, deepwater)(<40°C)
• Faster set development than CaCl2
• No impact on rheology
Calcium Chloride
• Effect on thickening time & compressive strength
Thickening Time (h:mn)

o
CaCl2 91 F 103oF 113oF
(%BWOC)
0 4:00 3:30 2:32
2 1:17 1:11 1:10
4 1:15 1:02 0:58
Compressive Strength at Temperature

(psi)
60oF 80oF 100oF

CaCl2 % 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr 6 hr 12 hr 24 hr
0 NS 60 415 45 370 1260 370 840 1780

2 125 480 1510 410 1020 2510 1110 2370 3950
4 125 650 1570 545 1245 2890 1320 2560 4450
Secondary Effects of CaCl2
• Increased temperature
– Increase rate of heat generation
– Additional accelerating effect (on surface?)
– Casing expansion : thermal microannulus
• Increased rheology (gelation)

– Thixiotropic behaviour
• Permeability increase
– Reduced sulfate resistance

Sodium Chloride
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as an accelerator

Not very efficient
Acts as an accelerator < 10% BWOW
Preferred range is 3 – 5 % BWOW
Effect of temperature:
136°F (58°C)
Slurry consistency (hr)
Time to reach 100 Bc
154°F(68°C)
4

179°F (81°C)
210°F (99°C)
2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
NaCl IN MIX WATER (% BWOW)
Surface Casings
• Unconsolidated zones
• Low Temperatures
(deepwater challenge)
• Large volumes of slurry
• Light weight slurries
• Strong slurry at shoe
• Extended lead slurries with neat tail,

– Prehydrated bentonite 2-3 %
( 1.50 to 1.60 sg)
– Neat cement + 0.5-1% CaCl2
(1.90 sg)

– 2/3 lead - 1/3 tail annulus height
(Minimum 75 to 100 m Tail)
Slurry Density: Lightweight
Changing Slurry Density
Lighter Heavier
More Less Less
Water* Water Water
Light Heavy
Absorbent Dispersant
Material Material
Lower Higher
Density Density

15.6 Class A
Neat Cement 15.8 Class G
16.4 Class H
* Cenospheres and Foamed Cement are exceptions
Classification of Extenders
• Water based extenders
– Clays (Bentonite, Attapulgite) (D20,D128, Gel, Salt gel)
– Chemical extenders (Sodium Silicates) (need Ca++ to work)
A2, A3 D79, D75, Econolite
• Low density solids
– Pozzolans (Fly ashes)(D35, D61, Pozmix )
– Kolite and Gilsonite (D42, D24)
– Expanded perlite (D72, Perlite)
– Silica fume : Microsilica (D154, D155,Silicalite, BA58
Microblock..) and Colloidal silica (B58, Gascon)
• Very low density materials

– Nitrogen - FOAM CEMENT – (need stabilizer)
– Ceramic microspheres (Max 5000 psi) D124, Spherilite,
LW6, Fillite)
– Glass microspheres (High pressure and High cost)
Scotchlite, LW7…)
Exercise 2
• Calculate the WATER/CEMENT ratio and the yield for

a 1.50 SG slurry extended with bentonite
– Specific gravity of the dry cement 3.2

– Specific gravity of the water 1
– Specific gravity of the bentonite 2.65
– 3% BWOC bentonite concentration

Bentonitic Extenders
Bentonite Clays
Treated Non-treated
Montmorillonite Attapulgite
Fresh water Sea Water
– Economical and widely available
– Water based extender
– Decrease compressive strength
• API added water :
– Increase permeability
1% BWOC = + 5.3% H2O

– SG = 2.65 – Slurry stabilizer (Free fluid, settling)
– Dry blended or pre-hydrated – Viscosify slurries
• 1% prehydrated = 4% dry • dispersant >8% or more water
– Concentration 0 - 20% BWOC – Provides some fluid loss control (>12%)
Chemical Extenders
• Sodium silicates(D75 Econolite L, A3L)

& metasilicate (D79, Econolite, A2)
– React with cations in the cement (Ca2+, Mg2+)
– Form viscous, gelatinous silicate gel
• Capable of binding extra water
• Low free water separation
– Low rheologies for turbulent flow

– Better properties and mixing than bentonite slurries
– Better compressive strength than bentonite slurries
– Relatively low concentrations required

– Ca - Silicate formed acts as accelerator
– Concentration :
• Dry metasilicate can be dry blended 0.2 –3%BWOC
• Liquid 13 to 50 L/Tonne cement
• When mixed infresh water : add calcium chloride
Point of Departure
• Point of departure is the thickening time

– Optimize silicate/retarder concentration
– Use organic acid as retarder
(erratic behavior with lignosulfonates)
120
100
Class G + 2% D79 (1.50)
Consistency (Bc)
80 170*
60
Schedule 4g6 (48oC)
40
245*
20 468
0
470* *

0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (min)
* 24 hr compressive strength (psi) of slurry removed and cured at 170 oF
Point of Departure is the time at which the slurry begins to

increase in consistency.
Silicates Extended slurries
Class G + 0.28 gps metasilicate @ 12.5 ppg

Class G + 0.24 gps silicate@ 13.0 ppg
Shear 24 hr Compressive Strength
(min) (psi) Retarder POD Time to 70 Bc
20 650 (gps) (hr:mn) (hr:min)
90 640 0 01:50 +4:00
140 470 0,04 02:00 03:15
260 200 0,07 04:10 05:35
Tests at 118oF
POD is 90 minutes - plateau of 40 Bc at 150 minutes

Test at 55°C (131oF)
Lightweight Aggregates
• Pozzolans: • Kolite and Gilsonite

– Diatomaceous earth – Coal and Asphalt based
materials
– Volcanic ashes
– SG: 1.30 and 1.05
– Fly ashes
• Sg 2.0 to 2.7
• Type F : Generally used – Effective lost circulation
• Type C : Slag materials (Granular, fibers)
– Kolite (coal) is inert
React with CaOH in cement
Slurry and Provide :
– Corrosion brine resistance

– Low permeability
– Thermal Resistance
Lightweight Aggregates
• Silica Fume
– Microsilica
• Expanded Perlite • Solid or liquid
– Crushed volcanic glass • Mean diameter: 0.1 to 0.2 µm
– Denser slurry downhole BA58L D154, D155 Silicalite
• Open pores + crushing Microblok
• SG 2.4 at 3000psi
– Normally add Bentonite 2 - 4 % – Colloidal silica
BWOC to prevent floatation • Liquid
• Mean diameter : 0.05 µm
– Give reduced cement
BA90 GasCon
permeability
– Bridging action at higher
– Pozzolanic material
concentrations

– Good slurry properties (stability)
– Improve strength
– Low permeability cement
– Gas control additive
Ultra Lightweight materials
• Foamed Cement systems
Micro Cenospheres – Nitrogen injected into slurry
– Inert material • Foamer + Stabilizer
• Foam generator
• Ceramic Microsphere
– Very low densities (0.7 sg - 6 ppg)
– SG 0.6 to 0.9 • Need low density base slurry
– Size : 20 to 500 µm – Foam Quality (N2/ Foam Cmt)
– Silica , alumina shell • Downhole conditions P&T
– Limited pressure 5000 psi – Function of Foam Quality (FQ)
LW6 Spherilite LITEFILD124 • Permeability
Fillite • Strength
• Good mechanical properties
• Glass Microsphere  when 15 < FQ < 30 %

– SG and pressure resistance  Lower Young modulus
– Standard 0.38 sg : 5500 psi – Compressible slurry
– High grades 0.60 sg : 10 /18 Kpsi • Gas control
– Size 30 to 40 µm
– High cost
Scotchlite LW7
Collapse of Ceramic Cenospheres

* Effective specific gravity after breakage
Microsilica (silica fume)
• Amorphous sub-micron spheres (0.1 to 0.4 µm)

• Pozzolanic properties (reactive)
• Low bulk density (<15 lb/ft3)
• Provides some slurry stability (low free water)
• Improve cement compressive strength
• Improve fluid loss control
• Concentration up to 20%
• Frequently blended with other lightweight additives

(HiLITE - blend with Spherilite)
• Bulk blending is difficult with dry material

• Liquid can be stored with minimal agitation
• Dispersant is required to effectively disperse in water and prevent gelation
Intermediate Casings
• 13 3/8” (1000 – 1500 m)

• Protect weak or sensitive
formations (production)
• May be 2 stage cementing
• Low cost
• Extended lead and neat tail
– Prehydrated bentonite 2-3%
– 15.8 ppg tail slurries
• All slurries to be retarded

• Can have some fluid loss
control
• May require special properties
(gas migration control )
Hydration of Cement
I II III IV V
Hours
min Days
I Pre-Induction period

II Induction period
III Acceleration period
IV Deceleration period
V Diffusion period
Stages 1: Pre-Induction
Stage 2: Induction Period
Al OH Ca Si
Ca++
SO4 --
Gypsum
gypsum Seconds
Protect weak or sensitive formations

Ettringite

Hours
C - S - H Gel
Protective layers stops reactions  Pumping time increased
Retardation of cement slurries
• Applications
– Intermediate and production strings
– Surface and conductor casing (long pumping time)
– Squeeze and cement plugs
– High temperature and depth
• Chemical Classes of retarders

– Lignosulphonates D13 HR4 HR7 R3- D81 HR4L HR7 R21L
D800 D801, HR5 HR6L, R11 R10L R12L R21L
– Organic, Hydroxycarboxylic acids D110 D45, R7 R18
– Inorganic compounds D93,Component R, R9 R35
– Cellulose derivatives D8,Diacel LWL,R6
– Blend of above components D28 D150 HR12 HR15 HR13L R8 R8L R9
D121 HR25 R55
– Synthetic retarders D198 D177 SCR100L HR601 R14 R15L R20L

D161 SCR100L+HR25 SR31L
– Sugar is also a cement retarder
Mechanisms of Retardation
• Factors affecting mechanism of action

– Chemical nature of retarder
– Chemical composition of cement
• Retarders : Theories of mechanism of action
– Adsorption theory
– Precipitation theory
– Nucleation theory
– Complexation theory
• Possible negative effects on slurries
– Gelation
– Dispersion
– Increased fluid loss

– Incompatibility
– Slows the development of the compressive strength
Mechanisms of Retardation
• Adsorption theory
– Adsorbtion of Retarder on to Cement Surfaces to Inhibit
Contact with Water and Make the Surfaces Hydrophobic
– Modify CSH Gel to Make it Less Permeable
• Precipitation theory
– Ca and OH react with Retarder to Precipitate an Impermeable
Layer
• Nucleation theory
– Retarder Adsorbs to Poison Nucleation and Growth Sites
• Complexation theory

– Retarder Complexes with Ca to Minimise the Driving Force
for Reaction and Prevent Formation of Nucleation Sites
Schlumberger Cement Retarders
BHCT oF Fresh Sea 37%

Retarder 100 200 300 400 NaCl
100 140 X X
D13/D81
100 185 X X
D13/D81 with Dispersant
D800/D801 125 250 X X X
250 310 X X X
D800/D801 with D93
D110 175 300 X X
D110 with D93/L10 300 375 X X
220 X X X
D28/D150 300
X X X
D28/D150 with D121 300 350
300 400 X X X
D28/D150 with D93

100 250 X X 18%
D177 +D168 /D198
X X 25%
D161 250 450
Conventional Retarders
• Lignosulfonates
– Low to mid temperature use
– Lignosulfonates (D13 D81) <85oC
– Modified (D800 D801) 60o - 110oC
– Wood Pulping by-product
• Variable performance
• Active ingredients : alcohol and carboxydrates
– Adsorption and nucleation theories

– Reacts with C3S
– Work better with low C3A which consumes retarder

– Tendency to gel at higher concentrations
– May require dispersion
Concentration 0.1 to 1.5 %BWOC

Retardation domain can be extended to 300°C with borax
Conventional retarders
• Organic acid (Hydroxycarboxylic) Acid (D110 D45 R7)
– Powerful retarders
• Easily overretarded at T <90°C
– Gluconate, glucoheptonate salts,tartaric acid, citric acid
– Carboxyl and OH groups strongly complex calcium
– Nucleation theory
– More efficient with low C3A cement
– Very sensitive concentration

– Detrimental effect with lattices
– Some dispersion properties
– Recommended retarder for silicate extended slurry
Retarders
Inorganic Retarders ( Medium to High Temperature)
• Acid Salts : Borax R9 R35, component R D93

– Use as retarder: Adsorption theory?
– Use as retarder aid by stabilizing other lignosulfonate
retarders
– Detrimental to cellulosic and polyamine Fluid Loss
Additives
• Sodium chloride
– For concentration greater than 20%
– May over retard at low temperatures
• Zinc oxide

– Retarder for thixiotropic cements
– Does not affect slurry rheology
– Precipitation theory
R18 D74
Conventional Retarders
Blended retarder
– Generally lignosulfonate with other material
– Dispersing action as well, especially at high concentration.
– Erratic effect at medium temperature
• Sugar plus Lignin Amine

– High Temperature Applications
– Strongly Complexing
– Complexation and Nucleation PoisoningTheory
– Can separate into individual components
– Dispersing actions
R8L R9 HR12 HR15 HR13L D28 D150

• Mixed dispersant and retarder
– Lignosulphonate and HydroxyCarboxylic Acid
– High Temperature Application
R55 HR25 D121
Third generation retarder : Synthetic Retarders
• Blend of synthetic materials
– Inorganic and organophosphate salts
• Low or High Temperature Retarders
– Schlumberger D197/D198 < 120°C < D161
• Adsorption theory : Rapid Strength Development
– Lengthens Dormant Period; not Hydration Rate
– Short Waiting On Cement time for long cement columns
• Reduced Sensitivity to
– Concentration Error Temperature Error and Shear
• Effective in Fresh Water, Seawater, and Salt Water
• Applications :
– Long cement colums and liner Cementing

• Single Stage vs. Two-Stage Jobs
• Single Slurry Replacing a Lead and Tail Slurry
– Squeeze Cementing
– Kick-off Plugs
– Coiled Tubing Applications
Schlumberger LT Synthetic Retarder
• Low to Medium temperature retarder

– Good performance in the 90-120°C (200-250°F) range
• Nucleation theory
• Compatible with fresh water or sea water
• Low sensitivity of thickening time with changing of temperature
D177 UniSET LT for 4 - 5 hrs TT

Schlumberger LT Synthetic Retarder
• Faster compressive strength development

D198 AccuSET (solid)
Schlumberger HT Synthetic Retarder
Ratio 7
Conventional
6
Time to Set
5
@ 320 F (50 psi)
o
4
to
3
Thickening Time
2
@ 350oF 1 Synthetic
0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Thickening Time @ 350oF
D161 UniSET HT
* Mark of Schlumberger
Production Casings & Liners
• Isolate production zones

• Small diameter casings,small
annular space
• Cost less important
• Good bonding
• Fluid loss control
• Low friction pressures
• Mud removal is critical
• 1.90sg slurries or heavier

• All slurries to be retarded
• Temperature impact on CS
(static or production)
Dispersants
• Cement slurry rheology

– Volume of particles / total volume
– Inter-particle interactions
– Aqueous phase viscosity
Change with dispersants
• Why dispersants ?
– Reduce viscosity (VP) and yield point (TY)
• Turbulent flow achievable if required (small diameter liners)
– Reduce friction pressures
– Improve cement slurry mixability (Lower Ty)
• Reduced water slurries (density up 2.15 sg))

– Improve efficiency of fluid loss additives
Dispersants
Dispersants types
• Superplasticizer
– Polynaphtalene sulfonate (PNS) D65 D80 D604,CFR2, CD31
– PNS + polymer salt D80A D604M D604AM
– Polymeric Sulfonates for LT D145A D185
– Polymer ( non PNS & ligno) CFR3 CFR5 CFR6 , CD32 CD33
• Plasticizers
– Cement retarders (lignosulfonates)
– Mud Thinners
• Organic salts and acids

– Citric acid D45, F2, XR2
– Blend D121 CD500
Dispersant Action
Ca++
_ _ SO3-
C2SH +
Ca+ 03S
Cement PNS
grain Ca++
_ _
C2SH 03S
+ +
Ca
Ca++ DISPERSANT SO3-
MOLECULE

– Cement grain surfaces become uniformly negatively
– Dispersant negatively charged, fixes on Ca 2+
– Amount of dispersant adsorbed depends on concentration
– Alike signs repel one another ---> dispersion
– Too much dispersant( overdispersion)  phase separation
Workable Range of Dispersant ETD vs DTD Cements
20 30 30
UNDERDISPERSED OVERDISPERSED
25 YIELD VALUE 25
15
20 20
FREE WATER
Yield Value (lb/100ft 2 )
10 15 15
FREE
WATER (%)
10 10
5
PLASTIC VISCOSITY VISCOSITY
(cp)15
5 5

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
D80 (gal/sk)
NOTE: WITH ETD CEMENT AT 186°F
Fluid Loss in Cement Slurries
• Definition:
– Filtrate (aqueous solution) lost to the formation
– Filter cake deposited at formation face
– Cement particles left in annulus
• Why cement looses water:

– Differential pressure
– Permeable medium (formation)
• Fluid loss stages:

– Dynamic fluid loss

– Static fluid loss
• Water/cement ratio > hydration needs

• Cement gelation > transmission of pressure
Dynamic vs. Static Fluid Loss
• Dynamic
– Placement
– Loss is proportional to time
– Filter cake reaches pseudo-stable thickness
– Density increases
– Slurry properties change
• Static
– After placement
– Loss is proportional to square root of time

– Cake grows
– May result in annular restrictions
• Causes loss of hydrostatic pressure
Effect of Fluid Loss on Slurry Properties
• Slurry properties versus water concentration :
REDUCED INCREASED
 Slurry yield  Hydrostatic

 Free water  Slurry density

 Thickening time  Plastic viscosity PV

 Settling  Yield point
 Bulk Shrinkage 
YP
Compressive strength
 Mud removal efficiency
( turbulent flow)
 Chemical Shrinkage

• Damage to some formations by filtrate
• Gas migration through thick filter cake and through poor quality
cement
Thickening Time versus Density
160
Thickening Time (min)
TH
ICK
EN
ING
Yield Value
TIM
E
E
YIELD VALU

40
15.6 Slurry Density (ppg) 16.4
Mechanisms of Fluid Loss Control
• Reduce cement filter cake permeability

– Particulate materials to fill voids
– Polymer particles to plug pores
– Polymer film over cement particles/pores
– Change cement particle distribution with dispersants

Particle Plugging Polymer Plugging
• Increase viscosity of aqueous phase

– Addition of water soluble polymers
– Effect small compared to permeability reduction
Additives for Fluid Loss Control
• Water Soluble Polymers

– Cellulose Derivative D59 D60 D112,FL19 FL20 FL25 FL50
HALADs 9 22 23 322 99 613
– Non-Ionic Synthetic Polymer D159 D160 HALADs 100 200
– Anionic Synthetic Polymer D603 D143 D156 D158
Halads 344 413 447 567 FL33 FL52
– Blend of polymers: UniFLAC D167 D168 Halads 600 688 700
FL62 FL66 FL67 FL145 FL160 BA 56
• Particulate FLACs
– Latex FLAC D600G D700 (+D701) LAP 1 Latex 2000 BA86L
– Microgel Schlumberger D300 D500

– Polymers + salt :Schlumberger D80A D604AM
• Others FLAC blend : BJ Blue, BJ2000

• FLAC enhancer : Microsilica
Dispersant Effect on Fluid Loss
Mechanism of action
• Disperse cement grains and improve packing
 reduced permeability
• Flocculate w/salt ---> plugging action
FILTER CAKE
WITHOUT DISPERSANT WITH DISPERSANT

RANDOM PACKING ORDERED PACKING
HIGH PERMEABILITY LOW PERMEABILITY
Acceptable Fluid Loss Limits
• Typical Values: (ISO-API HP-HT test, 1000 psi)
• Prevention of gas channeling 30 - 50 ml/30 min

• Liner cementing > 50 ml/30 min
• Casing cementing 100  200 ml/30 min
• Horizontal well cementing > 50 ml/30 min
• High density slurries: < 50 ml/30 min
• Squeeze cementing
– Formation with K < 1 md 200 ml/30 min

– Formation with K > 1 md <100 md 100 - 200 ml/30 min
– Formation with K > 100 md 35 - 100 ml/30 min
Neat cement = +1000 mL/30 min
Slurry Density
Changing Slurry Density
Lighter Heavier
More Less Less
Water* Water Water
Light Heavy
Absorbent Dispersant
Material Material
Lower Higher
Density Density

15.6 Class A
Neat Cement 15.8 Class G
16.4 Class H
Weighting Agents
• Requirements
– High specific gravity
– Compatible particle size and distribution (settling)
– Low water adsorption (efficiency)
– Availability and acceptable cost
– Purity and consistency of product
– Inert
• Commonly used weighting agents

Agent SG Additional water
Hematite 4.95 0.0023 gal/lb

Manganese oxide 4.80 0.0011 gal/lb
Barite 4.22 0.024 gal/lb
Strength Retrogression
• Above 110°C (230°F) unstabilized cement will undergo:

– A reduction in strength
– An increase in permeability
Due to structural change in C-S-H gel
CSH gel ---------> alpha dicalcium silicate

amorphous crystalline
strong, impermeable weak, permeable
C/S = 1.5 C/S = 2.0

• Temperature to take in account :
BHST AND Production Temperature
Strength Retrogression Prevention
• Prevented by the addition of 30 - 40% BWOC silica

reduces CSH gel C/S ratio from 1.5 to 1
Above 110°C, C-S-H gel is converted into tobermorite

high strength and low permeabilty mineral
CSH gel + silica ---------> Tobermorite
C/S = 0.8
Tobermorite ---------> Xonotlite + Gyrolite
C/S + 1.0 C/S + 0.8
Silica sand (100 mesh) D30 SSA2 S8C

Silica flour (200 mesh) D66 SSA1 S8
Microfine silica with microcement D178 Microsand
Microsilica contribue, active alone up to 120-125°C
Anti Setting Additives
– Anti Setting Additives reduce

• Free water
• Sedimentation
• Slurry instability
– Compatible with all Cementing products and cement
– No significant effects on slurry properties, except
rheology
• Adjustment of slurry rheology for effective laminar flow
after slurry deflocculation and fluid loss control
– Temperature range: up to 150°C (300°F)

FWC10 SA541 D153 gel
Miscellaneous additives
• Fibers
– Losses prevention
– Improve mechanical properties
– Concentration 0.15 to 0.8 %BWOC
– Types
• Polypropylene
• Nylon
• Glass

• Carbon
• Metal ribbons (up to 1.5%BWOC)
Miscellaneous additives
• Expanding agents
– Calcium sulfate hemihydrate : D53 Cal Seal EA2, A10
– Magnesium oxide D174, D176 MicroBond M HT EC1
– Gas generation : Super CBL (GasCheck) BA29 BA61
• Bonding agents
– Microsilica, Latex
• Specific & Proprietary additives
 Thixiotropic additives
 Radioactive tracers

 Gas control
 Resilient additives
 Self Healing additives
 Storable Liquid cement
 …….
Additives as per Well Conditions
ADDITIVE CATEGORY
PROBLEM SLURRY PARAMETER SOLUTIONS
Well control, over pressure Extenders
Density
and weak formations Weighting agents
Accelerators
Temperature Thickening time
Retarders
Fluids stability
Permeable formations FLAC
Fluids loss control
Mud removal
Dispersants
Friction pressure Rheology
Gelling agents
Mixability / pompability
Plugging / bridging properties LCM
Lost circulation
Density Extenders
Microsolids
Cement Settling Stability, Low rheology
Gelling agents
Abnormal and specialized conditions

Heat strength retrogression Hydration products Silica
Particule size, fibers & flexible
Mechanical Properties Set cement matrix
particule
Cement shrinkage
Stabilized foam capability Foaming agent and stabilizers
(pore pressure decrease)
Foam Foaming tendency defoamer
Additives & Cementing Services Companies
• Used by all services companies :
– Commercial regular additives used by all

– Development of synthetic, designed blend &
additives
– Proprietary cementing systems to bring solutions
to specific cementing problems

Slurry Exercises
Slurry Exercises
Calculate for the following cement slurry composition :

water requirement, water/cement ratio and slurry yield
Cement class G density 3.2 kg/l
(absolute volume 0.0374 gal/lb)
1. Neat slurry at 15.8 ppg
2. Gel cement mixed at 12 .5 ppg

3% prehydrated bentonite ( SG 2.65; 0.0454 gal/lb)
3. Silicate extended slurry mixed at 11.5 ppg with Fresh water and
0.60 gps silicate (SG 1.40; 0.0859 gal/lb)
1% BWOC CaCl2 (Sg 1.75; 0.0687ga/lb

• Note : anti foam omitted for the exercises
Answer Neat Cement
• Neat 15.8 ppg
• For 1 sack of cement W : Water requirement in gallons

Weight ( lb) Volume ( gal)
1 sack G 94 94 x 0.0374
Water 8.34 x W W
• Slurry Density 15.8 = Total Weight / Total Volume
15.8 = [94 + (W x 8.34)] / [(94 x 0.0374) + W]

W(15.8 - 8.34) = [ 94 –(15.8x3.5156)]

Water = 38.453 / 7.46 = 5.15 gal/sk
W/C = (5.15x8.34) / 94 = 45.7 %
Yield = (94x0.0374) + 5.15 = 8.67 gal/sk = 1.16 cuft/sk
Answer Gel Cement
• Gel 12.5 ppg 3% BWOC Gel prehydrated

• For 1 sack of cement bentonite = 94 x 0.03 = 2.82 lb/sk
Weight (lb) Volume (gal)
Cement G 94 94 x 0.0374
3% bentonite 2.82 2.82 x 0.0454
Water 8.34 x W W
• Slurry Density 12.5 ppg = total Weight / total Volume
12.5 = [94 + 2.82 + (8.34 W)] / [(94 x 0.0374) + (2.82 x 0.0454) + W]
12.5 = (96.82 + 8.34W) / (3.5156 + 0.1280 + W)
W (12.5 – 8.34) = [96.82 – (12.5 x 3.6436)]

Water = 51.275 / 4.16 = 12.33 gal/sk
W/C = (12.33 x 8.34) / 94 = 109.3%
Yield = 3.5156 + 0.1280 + 12.33 = 15.97 gal/sk =2.14 cuft/sk
Answer Lightweight slurry
• 11.5 ppg Lightweight :

silicate (0.6 gps) Fresh water & 1% CaCl2
• For 1 sack of cement
Weight (lb) Volume (gal)
1 sk cement 94 94 x0.0374 = 3.5156
Silicate 0.6 / 0.0859 = 6.985 0.6
CaCl2 94 x 0.01 = 0.94 0.94 x 0.0687= 0.0646
Fresh water 8.34 W W
• Slurry density = total Weight / total Volume
11.5 = (94 + 6.985 + 8.34 W) / (3.5156 + 0.6 + 0.0646 + W)

11.5 = (100.985 +8.34 W) / (4.1802 + W)
W (11.5 - 8.34) = 100.985 - (11.5 x 4.1802)
Water = 52.913 / 3.16 = 16.74 gal/sk
W/C = (16.74 x 8.34) / 94 = 148.5%
Yield = 3.5156 + 0.6 + 0.0646 + 16.74 = 20.92 gal/sk = 2.80 cuft/sk

4 Cement Slurries Additives

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© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• The introduction of a cementacious material into the

• Provide zonal isolation

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Slurry density : 1.91 kg/l (15.9 ppg)

FPP-FOR00749 page 5 - 1 sack cement = 94 lbs

• Calculate the WATER/CEMENT ratio and the yield for

– Specific gravity of the dry cement 3.2

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Accelerators and retarders

• Extenders & Lightweight material

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Fluid Loss additive

• Lost Circulation Material (LCM)

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Why use antifoam agents ?

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Prevents washing out under rig

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Shorten thickening of the cement slurries (Stages I & II)

• Calcium Chloride CaCl2: 1 to 2 % (4% max) BWOC (A7 S1,S2)

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Effect on thickening time & compressive strength

Thickening Time (h:mn)

Compressive Strength at Temperature

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

0 NS 60 415 45 370 1260 370 840 1780

• Increased rheology (gelation)

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Sodium Chloride (NaCl) as an accelerator

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Extended lead slurries with neat tail,

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

Changing Slurry Density

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Very low density materials

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Calculate the WATER/CEMENT ratio and the yield for

– Specific gravity of the dry cement 3.2

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Sodium silicates(D75 Econolite L, A3L)

– Low rheologies for turbulent flow

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Point of departure is the thickening time

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

* 24 hr compressive strength (psi) of slurry removed and cured at 170 oF

Point of Departure is the time at which the slurry begins to

Class G + 0.28 gps metasilicate @ 12.5 ppg

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Pozzolans: • Kolite and Gilsonite

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

© 2008 ENSPM Formation Industrie - IFP Training

• Amorphous sub-micron spheres (0.1 to 0.4 µm)

• Frequently blended with other lightweight additives

• Bulk blending is difficult with dry material