TEMPERATURE AND HEAT

DR. BHAKTI YUDHO SUPRAPTO

 BASIC MEASUREMENT

• HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH A MATERIAL IS

DERIVED FROM THE FOLLOWING RELATIONSHIP
 THERMAL EXPANSION
• Linear expansion of a material is the change in linear dimension due to temperature
changes and can be calculated from the following formula:

• Volume expansion in a material due to changes in temperature is given by

 TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICES

• There are several methods of measuring temperature that can be

categorized as follows:
 THERMOMETERS
• Mercury in glass was by far the most common direct visual reading thermometer (if not
the only one). The device consisted of a small bore graduated glass tube with a small bulb
containing a reservoir of mercury
• The coefficient of expansion of mercury is several times greater than the coefficient of
expansion of glass, so that as the temperature increases the mercury rises up the tube
giving a relatively
• Low cost and accurate method of measuring temperature. Mercury also has the advantage
of not wetting the glass, and hence, cleanly traverses the glass tube without breaking into
globules or coating the tube. The operating range of the mercury thermometer is from −30
to 800°F (−35 to 450°C) (freezing point of mercury −38°F [−38°C]). The toxicity of
mercury, ease of breakage, the introduction of cost effective, accurate, and easily read
digital thermometers has brought about the demise of the mercury thermometer
THERMOMETER
 PRESSURE-SPRING THERMOMETERS
• The pressure-spring device has a metal bulb made with a low coefficient of
expansion material with a long metal tube, both contain material with a high
coefficient of expansion; the bulb is at the monitoring point.
• The metal tube is terminated with a spiral bourdon tube pressure gage
• The pressure system can be used to drive a chart recorder, actuator, or a
potentiometer wiper to obtain an electrical signal. As the temperature in the bulb
increases, the pressure in the system rises, the pressure rise being proportional to the
temperature change. The change in pressure is sensed by the bourdon tube and
converted to a temperature scale. These devices can be accurate to 0.5 percent and
can be used for remote indication up to 100 m but must be calibrated, as the stem and
bourdon tube are temperature sensitive.
 PRESSURE-SPRING CONT’D….
• There are three types or classes of pressure-spring devices. These are as follows:
1. Class 1 liquid filled
2. Class 2 vapor pressure
3. Class 3 gas filled
• Liquid filled thermometer works on the same principle as the liquid in glass thermometer, but is used
to drive a bourdon tube. The device has good linearity and accuracy and can be used up to 550°C.
• Vapor-pressure thermometer system is partially filled with liquid and vapor such as methyl chloride,
ethyl alcohol, ether, toluene, and so on. In this system the lowest operating temperature must be
above the boiling point of the liquid and the maximum temperature is limited by the critical
temperature of the liquid. The response time of the system is slow, being of the order of 20 s.
• Gas thermometer is filled with a gas such as nitrogen at a pressure range of 1000 to 3350 kpa at room
temperature. The device obeys the basic gas laws for a constant volume system [eq.(8.15), V1 = V2]
giving a linear relationship between absolute temperature and pressure.
PRESSURE FILLED THERMOMETER
 RESISTANCE TEMPERATURE DEVICES
• Resistance temperature devices (RTD) are either a metal film deposited on a former or are
wire-wound resistors. The devices are then sealed in a glassceramic composite material. The
electrical resistance of pure metals is positive, increasing linearly with temperature
• These devices are accurate and can be used to measure temperatures from −300 to
• 1400°F (−170 to 780°C). In a resistance thermometer the variation of resistance with
temperature is given by
• Where rt2 is the resistance at temperature t2 and rt1 is the resistance at temperature t1.
GAMBAR RTD
 THERMISTORS
• Thermistors are a class of metal oxide (semiconductor material) which typically Have a high
negative temperature coefficient of resistance, but can also be positive. Thermistors have high
sensitivity which can be up to 10 percent change per Degree celsius, making them the most
sensitive temperature elements available, But with very nonlinear characteristics. The typical
response times is 0.5 to 5 s With an operating range from −50 to typically 300°C. Devices are
available with The temperature range extended to 500°C. Thermistors are low cost and
manufactured In a wide range of shapes, sizes, and values. When in use care has to be Taken
to minimize the effects of internal heating. Thermistor materials have a Temperature
coefficient of resistance (a) given by

• Where ΔR is the change in resistance due to a temperature change ΔT and RS

• The material resistance at the reference temperature.
GAMBAR THERMISTOR
 THERMOCOUPLES
• THERMOCOUPLES ARE FORMED WHEN TWO DISSIMILAR METALS ARE JOINED TOGETHER TO
FORM A JUNCTION. AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT IS COMPLETED BY JOINING THE OTHER ENDS
OF THE DISSIMILAR METALS TOGETHER TO FORM A SECOND JUNCTION. A CURRENT WILL
FLOW IN THE CIRCUIT IF THE TWO JUNCTIONS ARE AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

(a) A thermocouple circuit, (b) thermocouples connected to form a thermopile,

and (c) focusing EM rays onto a thermopile.
 THERMOCOUPLE CONT’D……
• The current flowing is the result of the difference in electromotive force developed at the two
junctions due to their temperature difference. In practice, the voltage difference between the two
junctions is measured; the difference in the voltage is proportional to the temperature difference
between the two junctions. Note that
• The thermocouple can only be used to measure temperature differences. However, if one junction is
held at a reference temperature the voltage between the thermocouples gives a measurement of the
temperature of the second junction.
• Three effects are associated with thermocouples. They are as follows:
1. Seebeck effect. It states that the voltage produced in a thermocouple is proportional to the
temperature between the two junctions.
2. Peltier effect. It states that if a current flows through a thermocouple one junction is heated (puts out
energy) and the other junction is cooled (absorbs energy).
3. Thompson effect. It states that when a current flows in a conductor along which there is a
THERMOCOUPLE
 TYPE OF THERMOCOUPLE

• Type K thermocouple (nickel-chromium / nickel-alumel): the type K is the most

common type of thermocouple. It’s inexpensive, accurate, reliable, and has a wide
temperature range. The type K is commonly found in nuclear applications because of its
relative radiation hardness. Maximum continuous temperature is around 1,100C.
• Type k temperature range: thermocouple grade wire, –454 to 2,300f (–270 to 1260c) and
extension wire, 32 to 392f (0 to 200c)
• Ype K accuracy (whichever is greater):
• Standard: +/- 2.2C or +/- .75%
• Special limits of error: +/- 1.1C or 0.4%
 TYPE OF THERMOCOUPLE

• Type J thermocouple: the type J is also very common. It has a smaller temperature range and a
shorter lifespan at higher temperatures than the type K. It is equivalent to the type K in terms of
expense and reliability. 
• Type j temperature range:
• Thermocouple grade wire, -346 to 1,400f (-210 to 760c)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)
• Type J accuracy (whichever is greater):
standard: +/- 2.2C or +/- .75%
• Special limits of error: +/- 1.1C or 0.4%
•
Consideration for bare wire type J thermocouple applications:the type J is well suited to
oxidizing atmospheres
 TYPE OF THERMOCOUPLE
• Type T thermocouple (copper/constantan): the type T is a very stable thermocouple and is often used in
extremely low temperature applications such as cryogenics or ultra low freezers. It is found in other
laboratory environments as well. The type T has excellent repeatability between –380F to 392F (–200C to
200C).. 

Type t temperature range:

• Thermocouple grade wire, -454 to 700F (-270 to 370C)
• Extension wire, 32 to 392F (0 to 200C)
• Type T accuracy (whichever is greater):
standard: +/- 1.0C or +/- .75%
• Special limits of error: +/- 0.5C or 0.4%
•
Consideration for bare wire type T thermocouple applications:the type T is well suited to oxidizing
atmospheres
TERIMA KASIH