Artificial Intelligence

Lecturer: Mudasser Iqbal khan

 Goal
• We have discussed the basic concept of Intelligence
• We have also discussed about the basics of Artificial Intelligence
• We have studied various definition of AI and summarized into simple statement
• We have also discussed thought process and Behavior with categories in detail
• Now we will see some formal definitions.
• We will also discuss about Strong and Weak AI.
 System That Think Like Human
• “(The automation of) activities that we associate with human thinking, activities
such as decision making, problem solving and learning”. (Bellman,1978)
• “The Study of computation that make it possible to perceive, reason and act”.
(Winston 1992)
• “The study of mental facilities through the use of computational models”.
(Charniak and McDermott)
 System that act Like Human
• “The art of creating of machines that perform functions that require intelligence
when performed by people”. (Kurzweil 1990)
• “The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behavior”. (Luger and Stubblefield 1993)
• “The study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do
better”. (Rich and Knight 1991)

• So all of these definitions we have already studied in very fist lecture but here the
purpose is to recall your knowledge.

• We want to build system as compare to human is better today, it is the time aspect.
• As time is going on, the ability of human is also increasing so building system on
this basis is a question mark.
 Strong and Weak AI
• The Strong AI is the study of brain through inside the brain, but remember brain is a
biological organ, and it is a question that can we go through inside the brain?
• But the system who will contain the real conscious brain, means they will act actually like
human.
• The system that are today are existing are the examples of Weak AI. The researchers are
treating a brain like a testing bed. Giving some inputs to brain and checking that what will
be the output.
• On the basis of results that how brain have processed and input and generated an output,
build a computational model and implemented through any programming language, this
all what is done in these days (artificial intelligence).
• Remember one thing that in natural intelligence species there exist an instinct of survival
from the day one in difficult circumstances. (e.g. human tries for survival while drunk in
water)
• On the other side, artificial intelligence machine contain this instinct of survival? Can we
feed this element in the machine.
 How to measure Intelligence

• There are two methods to measure intelligence which are defined by the
Psychologist.
• The one is IQ (Intelligence Quotient) and EQ (Emotional Quotient)
• The test which is adopted by the computer scientist to measure the intelligence
was Turing test we have discussed already. But remember in Turing test only the
behavior can measured which represents Weak AI.
 Multidisciplinary aspects of AI
• Artificial intelligence is not only the field of computer scientists.
• Different sciences have contributed in the field of AI.
• Psychology is a branch that have contributed in the Field of AI.
• Psychologist have built brain models and tried to understand that how human brains
act actually, the ultimate goal of psychologist is to tell the people about intelligence
of people in quantity.
• As there are two school of thoughts in psychologist, one is that if any person has
greater short time memory than he/she will be more intelligence, the other school of
thought is the persons with greater Long Term memory have greater intelligence.
• The mathematical reasoning is also the part of Artificial intelligence
• Linguistic is also contributing in Artificial intelligence in form of NLP.
• Medical is also contributing in form of Neurons.
Deep blue robot
• Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. It is known
for being the first computer chess-playing system to win both a chess game
and a chess match against a reigning world champion under regular time
controls.
• Deep Blue won its first game against a world champion on February 10,
1996, when it defeated Garry Kasparov in game one of a six-game match.
However, Kasparov won three and drew two of the following five games,
defeating Deep Blue by a score of 4–2. Deep Blue was then heavily
upgraded, and played Kasparov again in May 1997. Deep Blue won game
six, therefore winning the six-game rematch 3½–2½ and becoming the first
computer system to defeat a reigning world champion in a match under
standard chess tournament time controls. Kasparov accused IBM
of cheating and demanded a rematch. IBM refused and retired Deep Blue
Continue…
References
• Artificial Intelligence A modern Approach, Stuart J. Russell and Peter
Norvig.

• Artificial Intelligence, Structure and strategies for complex problem

solving, 6 edition, George F Luger