Control Measures

OF HEALTH HAZARDS

Engr. Lauro C. Canceran

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain principles of hazard control
2. State the reasons for control of hazardous
substances
3. Describe the Diagram of Controlling hazards
4. Explain Hierarchy of Control
5. Define ventilation and state its purpose
6. Enumerate the different types of ventilation
7. Discuss the importance of respiratory equipment
8. Explain the noise rating for hearing protectors
Workplace Control Principles
Key Elements of Industrial Hygiene:
• Identification
• Evaluation
• Control
 Objective in the control of
HEALTH HAZARDS
To prevent or
minimize exposure
of workers to
harmful
environmental
hazards which could
lead to serious
occupational
illnesses and
diseases and even
death.
Interactions Between People and Environment
 Reasons for Control of
Hazardous Substances

Protection workers health from

exposures to substances
Ensure workers comfort at work
Maintenance of a healthy and safe
environment
 Generalized Diagram of
Methods of Control
SOURCE
SOURCE AIR
AIR PATH
PATH RECEIVER
RECEIVER
Hierarchy of Control Measures
1. Engineering control
2. Administrative control
3. Personal Protective Equipment
 Engineering Control
Key Elements
• Elimination
• Substitution
• Isolation
• Containment
• Modification
• Automation
• Local Exhaust
/Ventilation
Key Elements
▪ Elimination
Eliminating a hazard by removing
a process or substance
completely
 Substitution
Involves changing chemical substances and/or process
with less hazardous or harmful one
Factors to consider:
• Hazard Assessment
• Effectiveness
• Compatibility
• Existing Control Measures
• Waste Disposal
 Substitution of Materials Used
Factors to be considered:

 Technological and
economical feasibility
 Availability of substitute
material
 Toxicological and safety
aspect
 Substitution of Materials Used
Factors to be considered:

 Technological and
economical feasibility
 Availability of substitute
material
 Toxicological and safety
aspect
Substitution Examples
 Rules on Substitution
 Replace expensive
solvents with other
chemicals
 Replace hazardous
substance with a less
dangerous one
 Use of chemicals with
higher rather than lower
flashpoints
 Key Elements
Isolation and Containment
Containment of the source of the hazard by placing
the hazardous substance in a sealed vessel or system
to create a barrier between the hazard and the
worker
 Isolation or Shielding
 Closed system – used for toxic
chemicals
 Enclosures – total or partial usually
combined with local exhaust ventilation
 Separating Walls – if there are
operations more hazardous than the
others
 Distance – hazardous operations
performed at distant locations
 Modification in the Process or
Equipment

 Reduces contaminant generation

 Eliminate the formation of undesirable
by-products
 Eliminate or minimize physical contact
between workers and hazardous
substances
 Modification in the Process or
Equipment

 Brush painting or dipping instead of spray

painting
 Vapor degreasing in tanks with adequate
ventilation system to replace
handwashing of parts in open containers
 Automatic electrostatic paint-spraying
instead of manual compressed-air paint-
spraying.
Key Elements
Ventilation
The process of supplying or
removing air by natural or
mechanical means to and from
any space

Two types of ventilation:

• General or Dilution Ventilation
• Local Exhaust Ventilation
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION (LEV)

It aims at the removal

of the air contaminants
from the working
environment before
they can reach the
breathing zone of the
workers in harmful
concentration.
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION
SYSTEM
Duct Stack
Air Cleaning Device

Hoods Fan
 LOCAL EXHAUST HOODS

Enclosure Exterior Receiving

Types of Industrial
Ventilation
Local Exhaust
Ventilation
• Enclosure hood
• Capturing hood
• Receiving hood
 TABLE OF RANGE OF
CONTROL VELOCITIES
Range of Control Velocities:

Condition of Dispersion of Examples Control Velocity,

Contaminant m/sec

Released with practically no Evaporation 0.25 – 0.50

velocity into quiet air from tanks

Released at low velocity into Spray booth, 0.50 – 1.0

moderately still air plating, welding

Active generation into zone of Barrel filling, 1.0 – 2.5

rapid air motion crushers

Released of high initial velocity Grinding, abrasive 2.5 – 10.0

into zone of rapid air motion blasting
Types of Industrial Ventilation
• Natural Ventilation
• Mechanical Ventilation
Purpose of Ventilation
• To ensure condition of thermal comfort
• To renew the air in the workplace, therefore
diluting eventual air contaminants to acceptable
levels.
• To prevent hazardous air contaminants from
generating into the working environment and
reaching the workers breathing zone.
 DILUTION VENTILATION IS LESS
EFFECTIVE AND MORE EXPENSIVE WHEN

1. Contaminants is highly toxic

2. Emitted materials are primarily
particulates
3. Emissions vary with time
4. Emission sources consist of large
point sources
5. Employees work in the immediate
vicinity of the emission source
 Important Pointers for Work
Environment Improvement through
Industrial Ventilation

1. Air exhausted must be replaced by a

supply air
2. Avoid cross drafts of air near local
exhaust hoods
3. Short circuiting of air must be
prevented
Short Circuiting
Important Pointers of Work Environment
Improvement through Industrial
Ventilation

4. Provide excess exhaust capacity if there

are adjoining spaces
5. Contaminated air must be discharged
outdoors to avoid re-entry
6. Lay-out of equipment and process
should be considered in relation to the
direction of air flow
 Zone of
Contaminant
Release Operators
Breathing Zone Clean Air
Discharge Supply
Opening
Administrative Control
• Reduction of work periods
( Office Memorandums)
• Adjusting work schedule
(ex. Labor Advisory no. 3
series of 2016)
• Job rotation
• Education of supervisors
• Employee information and
training
• Housekeeping and
maintenance
Administrative Control
• Emergency response
training (ex. First aid and
Basic Life Support)
• Special programs specific
to Ergonomics (ex. Prolong
standing and sitting and
etc.)
• Medical Surveillance
• PPE Program
• Work Environment
Measurement
• Chemical Safety Program
(DO 136-14)
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
(PPE)
Dust / Gas Respirators

Goggles/Spectacles

Face Shields
Gloves

Aprons
Uses of PPEs
a. where temporary control

b. measures are necessary

before engineering
controls are installed
c. to supplement
engineering controls in
reducing exposure during
maintenance and repair
d. during emergencies
e. It is the last line of
defense
Respiratory Protective Equipment
Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which are present in the
atmosphere before they are inhaled by the worker.
▪ Filter- type
• Cartridge- type
Respirator Filter Definition
N-Series Filters Filters restricted to use in those atmosphere free of oil
aerosols

R-Series Filters Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil
based liquid aerosol. Used only for single shift (8 hours of continuous or
intermittent use)

P-Series Filters Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil
based liquid aerosols. Should be used and re-used for no more than 40
hours or 30 days whichever occurs first
 Types of Respirators (Air-Supplying)

Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Provides continuous supply of uncontaminated
Criteria for Selection of Respirators
• Identification of contaminants
• Maximum possible
concentration of contaminants
in the work area
• Acceptability in terms of
comfort
• Compatibility with the nature
of job
• Proper fit to the face of user
to prevent leakage
Hearing Protection
Earplugs
Hearing protectors placed inside the ear to block out
noise. To work effectively, they should fit snugly into
the ear canal.

Reusable, Washable
Pre-formed Earplugs
Foam Earplugs
Hearing Protection
Earmuffs
A device composed of a headband with two
cushioned ear cups that form a seal around
the outer ear, covering it completely and
blocking out the noise.
NRR (Noise Reduction Rating) is a rating system used to
determine the effectiveness of hearing protection
devices to decrease sound exposure within a given
working environment.
- the higher the NRR number, the more hearing
protection it can provide to the end-user.

Formula:
Earplugs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level –
[ (NRR – 7) x 0.5 ]
Earmuffs
Approximate Noise Protective Level = Noise Level –
[ (NRR – 7) x 0.75 ]
Example of Using the NRR : For Ear plugs
Noise level : 95 dB(A)
NRR of hearing protectors: 33 dB
Subtract 7 dB from the NRR: 33 dB - 7 dB = 26 dB
Multiply by 1/2: 26 X 1/2 = 13 dB
Subtract 13 dB from the
Approximate Noise Protective Level : 95 dBA - 13 dB
= 82 dB

Example of Using the NRR : For Ear muffs

Noise level : 95 dB(A)
NRR of hearing protectors: 33 dB
Subtract 7 dB from the NRR: 33 dB - 7 dB = 26 dB
Multiply by 3/4: 26 X 3/4 = 19.5 dB
Subtract 19.5 dB from the
Approximate Noise Protective Level : 95 dBA – 19.5
dB = 74.5 dB
You as Safety Officer…
Hazard Control
Identification and
Recommendation
 Department Order 136 - 14
1. Identification of the Chemicals
2. Composition/Information on
ingredients
3. Hazards identification
4. First-aid measures
5. Fire fighting measures
6. Accidental release measures
7. Handling and storage
8. Exposure control
and personal protection
9. Physical and chemical
properties
10. Stability and reactivity
11. Toxicological information
12. Ecological information
13. Disposal considerations
14. Transport information
15. Regulatory information
16. Other information
Measures that can be applied at the source of
the contaminant generation

• Eliminate the source

• Substitution using a less harmful or less hazardous chemical or
process
• Isolation / containment / enclosure – enclose sources or the
employee, or the source and some employees together rather
than all employees
• Modification of the source or process
• Automation – use robotic, remote or computer aided products
• Separation – place the source in a different location to the
employee
• Local Exhaust Ventilation – using ventilation to capture
Measures that can be applied along the path where
contaminant is dispensing

• Housekeeping (immediate cleanup)

• General exhaust ventilation(roof fans)
• Dilution ventilation (supplied air)
• Increase distance between source and
receiver (semi-automatic or remote
control)
• Use of screen and partial barriers
• Continuous area monitoring (pre-set
alarms)
Worker based controls
include:

●Training and education (most

important)
●Rotation of workers (split up
dose)
●Enclosure of worker (air
conditioned crane cabs)
●Personal monitoring devices
(dosimeters)
●Personal protective devices
(respirators)
 Where control measures can be applied
Source
• Substitution with a less harmful material
(water in place of organic solvent)
• Change of process (airless paint spraying)
• Enclosure of process (glove - box)
• Isolation of process (space or time)
• Local exhaust ventilation (capture at
source)
• Adequate maintenance
Where control measures can be applied
AIR PATH
 Housekeeping (immediate cleanup)
 General exhaust ventilation (roof fans)
 Dilution ventilation (supplied air)
 Increase distance between source and receive(semi-
 automatic or remote control)
 Continuous area monitoring (pre-set alarms)
 Adequate maintenance program
Where control measures can be applied
RECEIVER
 Training and education
(most important)
 Rotation of workers (split up
dose)
 Enclosure of worker (air
conditioned crane cabs)
 Personal monitoring devices
(dosimeters)
 Personal protective devices
(respirators)
 Adequate maintenance
Using combination of controls
Safe and Healthy Working Environment
 Clear Points
 All hazards can be controlled
 There are usually many alternative
methods of control
 Some methods of control are better
than the others
 Some situations will require more than
one control method to obtain optimum
results
 Clear Points
 Controls should be introduced as a means
to protect the health or comfort of
workers along with other objectives,
including employee safety, reduction in
environmental pollution and reduction in
economic loss.
 The Safety Officer shall ensure that
effective controls are being implemented
regularly monitored and maintained.
 Clear Points

“The correct identification and

careful evaluation of the hazards
are extremely important and will
constitute the basis of appropriate
control measures.”
MARAMAING SALAMAT
PO!