HISTORY OF FBW

Electronic signaling of the control

surfaces was tested in the 1950s.

This replaced long runs of

mechanical and hydraulic connections
with electrical ones.

The first digital fly-by-wire aircraft

to take to the air (in 1972) was an 
modified electronically
 The term "fly-by-wire" implies a purely electrically-
signaled control system.
 It is used in the general sense of computer-configured
controls.
 where a computer system is interposed between the
operator and the final control actuators or surfaces.
 This modifies the manual inputs of the pilot in
accordance with control parameters.
 Fly-By-Wire was designed so that the pilot moves his
controls that provided electrical inputs into a computer.
 The computer then uses information from other inputs
and then calculates the proper control changes.
 This command is transmitted by WIRE to an actuator or
a servo back to the wing/tail which moves the control
surface.
INNER VIEW OF AN FBW
 Fly-by-wire control systems allow aircraft
computers to perform tasks without pilot input.
Automatic stability systems operate in this
way. Gyroscopes fitted with sensors are mounted in
an aircraft to sense movement changes in the pitch,
roll and yaw axes. Any movement (from straight
and level flight)
 MEASURED
SYSTEM SYSTEM
+ ERROR INPUT
REFERENCE OUTPUT
CONTROLLER SYSTEM
-

MEASURED OUTPUT
SENSOR
THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF SYSTEMS
IN FBW THEY ARE

 ANALOG SYSTEM

 DIGITAL SYSTEM
 Fly-by-wire replace hydromechanical or
electromechanical flight control systems
with electronic circuits.

 The control mechanisms in the cockpit now

operate signal transducers, which in turn generate
the appropriate electronic commands.

 These are next processed by an electronic

controller with an analog signal.
 A digital fly-by-wire flight control system is similar
to its analog counterpart.

 The signal processing is done by digital computers

and the pilot literally can "fly-via-computer". It
increases the flexibility of the flight control system.

 The digital computers can receive input from any

aircraft sensor.

 This also increases the electronic stability, because

the system is less dependent on the values.
This eliminates mechanical contacts.

The mechanical contacts are replaced by wires

Due to the elimination of the mechanical contacts wear and

tear is reduced.

The control system used in this type is far more intelligent

then the conventional system.
 APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL
FBW
 The F-8 digital fly-by-wire program served as the
springboard for DFBW technology to be used in both
military and civilian aircraft.

 satellite manufacturers also routinely use the

technology in their vehicles and spacecraft.

 Space Shuttle

 Several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)

 Analog system Digital system

1) Accuracy low 1) Accuracy high

2) Circuit Complication 2) circuit is simplified

3) Calibration is tough 3) calibration is easy

 This system has less or no drawbacks. But some of the
people argue that the system containing software program is
never free of troubles rather how many times it is been
checked or serviced. Rather then software the failures of
sensors may also be trouble. But this problems are not
considered because the sensors are highly precise and
developed for these types of system.
ADVANCED AEROPLANES WHICH ARE BASED ON
FBW

SUKHOI-47

TYPHOON

F-22 RAPTOR

MI-35
 Fly-by-wireless

 Power-by-wire

 Fly-by-optics
 Higher accuracy

 Dueto the elimination of the mechanical contacts wear

and tear is reduced.

 The control system used in this type is far more

intelligent then the conventional system.