UNIT III

SENSORS AND MACHINE

VISION

Prepared by
T.Michel Raj
Assistant Professor
Jeppiaar SRR Engineering College
Chennai
 SENSORS
Requirements of a sensor, Principles and Applications of
the following types of sensors – Position of sensors
(Piezo Electric Sensor, LVDT, Resolvers, Optical
Encoders, Pneumatic Position Sensors), Range Sensors
(Triangulation Principle, Structured, Lighting Approach,
Time of Flight Range Finders, Laser Range Meters),
Proximity Sensors (Inductive, Hall Effect, Capacitive,
Ultrasonic and Optical Proximity Sensors), Touch
Sensors, (Binary Sensors, Analog Sensors), Wrist
Sensors, Compliance Sensors, Slip Sensors.
 MACHINE VISION
• Camera, Frame Grabber, Sensing and Digitizing
Image Data – Signal Conversion, Image
Storage, Lighting Techniques. Image
Processing and Analysis – Data Reduction:
Edge detection, Segmentation Feature
Extraction and Object Recognition -
Algorithms. Applications – Inspection,
Identification, Visual Serving and Navigation.
 UNIT III
SENSORS AND MACHINE
VISION

Revision

• Questions and answers

1. What are the common imaging device used
for robot vision systems?  
•Black and white Videocon camera, charge
coupled devices, solid-state camera, charge
injection devices.
2. Define Segmentation.

Segmentation is the method to group areas of an

image having similar characteristics or features
into distinct entities representing part of the
image.

3. What is Thresholding?
 
Thresholding is a binary conversion technique in
which each pixel is converted into a binary value
either black or white.
4. Functions of machine vision system.

Sensing and digitizing image data

Image Processing and analysis

Application

5. Define sensors and transducer.

Sensor is a transducer that is used to make a measurement

of a physical variable of interest. Transducer is a device that
converts the one form of information into another form
without changing the information content.
6. Basic classifications of sensors.

Tactile Sensors,

Proximity Sensors,

Range sensors,

Voice sensors etc.,

7. What is Tactile sensor?

Tactile sensor is device that indicates the contact between themselves

and some other solid objects.
8. Define region growing.

Region growing is a collection of segmentation

techniques in which pixels are grouped in regions
called grid elements based on attribute similarities.

9. What is feature extraction?

In vision applications distinguishing one object

from another is accomplished by means of
features that uniquely characterize the object. A
feature (area, diameter, and perimeter) is a single
parameter that permits ease of comparison and
identification.
10. Various techniques in image processing and analysis.

Image data reduction

Segmentation

Feature extraction

Object recognition
11. Give an application example of a proximity sensor.

Ground proximity warning system for aviation safety

Vibration measurements of rotating shafts in machinery

Sheet break sensing in paper machine.

Roller coasters

Conveyor systems
12. Working of inductive type proximity sensor.

Inductive proximity sensors operate under the electrical

principle of inductance.

Inductance is the phenomenon where fluctuating current,

which by definition has a magnetic component induces an
electromotive force (emf) is a target object.

To amplify a devices inductance effect, a sensor

manufacturer twists wire into a tight coil and runs a current
through it.
13. Name some feedback devices used in robotics.

Position Sensors
Velocity Sensors

14. Types of encoders.

Incremental encoders

Absolute encoders
15. Which is Frame grabber?

It is a hardware device used to capture and store the digital image.

16. Classify the position sensors.

Incremental encoders
Absolute encoders
Resistive position sensors
Linear variable differential transformer.
Encoders
Potentiometer
Resolver.
17. Define Tactile array sensor.

Tactile array sensor is a special type of force senor

composed of a matrix of force sensing elements.