AN OVERVIEW OF

GREEN BUILDINGS
RATING SYSTEMS WITH
CASE STUDIES

- PRESENATION BY
SHREYA BHAGAT (BARCH/10006/16)
 INTRODUCTION
•  RATING SYSTEMS ARE CONSIDERING
AS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
THINGS TO IMPROVE THE
PERFORMANCE OF SKYSCRAPERS AND
TO MAKE THESE TALL BUILDINGS TO
HAVE AN EXCELLENT IMPACT ON THEIR
ENVIRONMENT.
• THESE SYSTEMS HAVE BEEN
DEVELOPED BY A RANGE OF DIFFERENT
ORGANIZATIONS.
• LEED,BREEM, GREEN STAR, GREEN
GLOBES, DGNB, BCA GREEN MARK, GBI,
 LEED RATING SYSTEM
• LEED PROJECTS EARN POINTS ACROSS NINE BASIC AREAS THAT
ADDRESS KEY ASPECTS OF GREEN BUILDINGS

INTEGRATIVE PROCESS LOCATION AND

TRANSPORTATION

SUSTAINABLE SITES WATER EFFICIENCY

ENERGY AND ATMOSPHERE MATERIALS AND

RESOURCES

INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY INNOVATION

REGIONAL PRIORITY

• THERE ARE 110 POSSIBLE BASEPOINTS DISTRIBUTED ACROSS NINE

CREDIT CATEGORIES. THE SCORING IS DETERMINED BY THE TOTAL
110 POINT SCORE COLLECTED OVER ALL CATEGORIES.

• BASED ON THE NUMBER OF POINTS ACHIEVED, BUILDINGS AND

SKYSCRAPERS EARN ONE OF THE FOUR LEED RATING LEVELS:

• BASIC, SILVER, GOLD OR PLATINUM

 CONTD….

• LEED has five rating systems; Building

Design and Construction (BD+C), Interior
Design andConstruction (ID+C), Building
Operation and Maintenance (O+M),
Neighborhood Development(ND) and
Homes. Two of these five rating systems
can be used for evaluating the
ecologicalperformance of skyscrapers;
LEED v4 BD+C, and LEED v4 O+M; the
first one is LEED v4 BD+Cwhich is
applied to skyscrapers that are being newly
constructed or going through a
majorrenovation, and the second one is
LEED v4 O+M which is applied
to existing skyscrapers.
 BREEM RATING SYSTEM
• BUILDING RESEARCH ESTABLISHMENT ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT METHOD (BREEAM) IS A GREENBUILDING
RATING SYSTEM LAUNCHED IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN
1990

• BREEAM PROJECTS EARN POINTS ACROSS TEN

CATEGORIES THAT MEASURES:
SUSTAINABLE VALUE AND ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
ENERGY
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING INNOVATION
LAND USE MATERIALS

MANAGEMENT POLLUTION
TRANSPORT WASTE ANDWATER

•  BASED ON THE PERCENTAGEACHIEVED, BUILDINGS AND

SKYSCRAPERS EARN ONE OF THE BREEAM RATING
LEVELS; PASS, GOOD, VERYGOOD, EXCELLENT OR
• BREEAM has five rating systems;
BREEAM Communities, BREEAM
Infrastructure, BREEAM International
New Construction, BREEAM In-Use
International, BREEAM International
Refurbishment and Fit-Out. Two of these
five rating systems can be used for
evaluating the ecological performance of
skyscrapers; BREEAM International New
Construction and BREEAM In-Use
International; the first one is BREEAM
International New Construction which is
applied to skyscrapers that are being
newly constructed or going through a
major renovation, and the second one is
BREEAM In-Use International which
is applied to existing skyscrapers
GREEN STAR RATING SYSTEM

• Green Star program is a green

building rating system launched
in 2003 and developed by the
Green Building Council of
Australia (GBCA)
• Green Star projects earn points
across nine basic categories;
management, indoor
environment quality, energy,
transport, water, materials, land
use and ecology, emissions,
innovation. 
GREEN GLOBES RATING SYSTEM

• Green Globes is a green

building rating system
that is used primarily in
Canada and the USA.
• Green Globes was
developed by the ECD
Energy and Environment
Canada in 2000. 
• ACCORDING TO THE RESULT SHOWN IN
THIS CHART, IT IS REMARKABLE THAT
GREEN GLOBES RATING SYSTEMS GIVE
IMPORTANT CREDITS FOR RATED AND
EVALUATED THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE
OF SKYSCRAPERS. THE CREDITS OF
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT HAD TAKEN THE
SECOND POSITION FOR RATING AND
EVALUATING THE ECOLOGICAL
PERFORMANCE OF SKYSCRAPERS.
 DGNB RATING SYSTEM
• DGNB rating system was founded by the
German Sustainable Building Council 
• DGNB rating system evaluates the
performance of the buildings across six
categories that covers important key
aspects of sustainable buildings;
environmental quality, economic quality,
sociocultural and functional quality,
technology quality, processes quality and
site quality.
• Based on the total score achieved ,
buildings and skyscrapers earn one of the
four DGNB rating levels; Bronze, Silver,
Gold or Platinum. Bronze level is valid
only for existing buildings.
COMPARISON SUMMARY BETWEEN RATING SYSTEMS
PASSIVE SYSTEMS IN HIGH-RISE BUILDING
• Passive systems, material and climate according to the data from natural sources
effectively taking advantage of the structure can be explained as he is active.
• Within these parameters, the most important are the location of the building,
according to other building location, direction, form and building shell can be
considered.
• In the building's energy efficiency, renewable energy sources, leveraging enough
passive systems, without the use of any mechanical and electrical system components
can be evaluated as a layout created with.
 NATIONAL COMMERCIAL BANK

• PASSIVE SYSTEMS THAT CAN BE GRANTED TO THE

FIRST EXAMPLE, IN 1982, THE NATIONAL COMMERCIAL
BANK IN JEDDAH IS THE BUILDING . BUILDING THE
TRIANGLE PLAN SCHEMA ON ATRIUM AND SKY-
GARDEN FIELDS.
• THE OUTER FAÇADE OF STONE, WHILE THE TIGER SKY
OVERLOOKING THE COURTYARD FACADES COVERED
WITH GLASS.
• THE EFFECT OF THE CHIMNEY A VERTICAL LAYOUT OF
THE COURTYARD THE SKY BY CREATING AIR
MOVEMENT AND HEAT IN THE INTERIOR OF THE
BUILDING IS 10 ° C, REDUCING COOLING COSTS UP TO
PROVIDE
National Commercial Bank
 MENARA MESINIAGA
• THE SECOND EXAMPLE, MALAYSIA IN KUALA
LUMPUR MENARA MESINIAGA BUILDING
DESIGNED BY T.R. HAMZAH AND KEN YEANG;
ACCORDING TO THE ORBIT OF THE SUN BY
PLACING THEM IN NATURAL LIGHT AND
PASSIVE HEATING – COOLING IS INTENDED TO
ACHIEVE.
• THE CONCEPT OF A VERTICAL LANDSCAPE IN
THE DESIGN OF THE BUILDING, THE FIRST
FLOOR OF THE BUILDING AND, ON THE SIDE OF
THE BUILDING TO THE TOP OF THE BUILDING
ALONG WITH THE ROTATING SKY COURTYARD
CONTINUES UP.
 COMMERZBANK HEADQUARTERS

• THE THIRD EXAMPLE IS COMMERZBANK HEADQUARTERS

BUILDING WHICH WAS BUILT IN FRANKFURT (FIGURE 3).

• TOWER IS SHAPED AS A 60-METRE (197 FT) WIDE ROUNDED

EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE WITH A CENTRAL, TRIANGULAR
ATRIUM.

• AT NINE DIFFERENT LEVELS, THE ATRIUM OPENS UP TO ONE

OF THE THREE SIDES, FORMING LARGE SKY GARDENS.

• THESE OPEN AREAS ALLOW MORE NATURAL LIGHT IN THE

BUILDING, REDUCING THE NEED FOR ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING.

• AT THE SAME TIME IT ENSURES OFFICES IN THE BUILDING'S

TWO OTHER SIDES HAVE A VIEW OF EITHER THE CITY OR
THE GARDEN.

• NATURAL LIGHTING AND VENTILATION OF THE BUILDING

ALLOWS TO. 80% OF THE BUILDING NATURAL VENTILATION
 SWISS RE

• THE LAST EXAMPLE OF A PASSIVE SYSTEM, SWISS RE BUILDING IS A

COMMERCIAL SKYSCRAPER IN LONDON'S PRIMARY FINANCIAL DISTRICT,
THE CITY OF LONDON.

• THIS BUILDING ALSO IS THE FIRST ECO-FRIENDLY SKYSCRAPER IN

LONDON. THE BUILDING USES ENERGY-SAVING METHODS WHICH ALLOW
IT TO USE HALF THE POWER THAT A SIMILAR TOWER WOULD TYPICALLY
CONSUME.

• GAPS IN EACH FLOOR CREATE SIX SHAFTS THAT SERVE AS A NATURAL

VENTILATION SYSTEM FOR THE ENTIRE BUILDING EVEN THOUGH
REQUIRED FIREBREAKS ON EVERY SIXTH FLOOR INTERRUPT THE
"CHIMNEY."

• THE SHAFTS CREATE A GIANT DOUBLE GLAZING EFFECT; AIR IS

SANDWICHED BETWEEN TWO LAYERS OF GLAZING AND INSULATES THE
OFFICE SPACE INSIDE.

• THE SHAFTS PULL WARM AIR OUT OF THE BUILDING DURING THE
SUMMER AND WARM THE BUILDING IN THE WINTER USING PASSIVE SOLAR
HEATING.
 BAHRAIN WORLD TRADE CENTER
MANAMA, BAHRAIN
The two towers are linked via three skybridges, each
holding a 225kW wind turbine, totalling to 675 kW
of wind power capacity.
•.  Each turbines measure 29 m (95 ft) in diameter,
and is aligned north-west, which is the direction
from which air from the Persian Gulf blows in.
 Bridges are of ovoid in shape.
 Three horizontal axis wind turbines have been
integrated into the building to generate electricity.
 The fixed horizontal turbine suffers the drawback
of only being able to operate with wind from a
limited azimuth range - if problems with blade
deflections and stressing through excessive skew
flow are to be avoided. Wind turbines and support
bridges OVOID SHAPE
THE ENERGY AND RESOURCES INSTITUTE

• THE ENERGY AND SITE AREA : 36 HECTARES

RESOURCES INSTITUTE
CLIMATE : COMPOSITE
EARLIER KNOWN AS TATA
ENERGY RESOURCES BUILDING TYPE : INSTITUTIONAL
INSTITUTE PROJECT
ARCHITECTS : SANJAY PRAKASH AND TERI
• SITE LOCATION : 30 KM
SOUTH OF DELHI, IN YEAR OF START/COMPLETION :1997–2000
NORTHERN HARYANA AT
GUAL PAHARI COST OF THE PROJECT CIVIL WORKS : RS
23.6 MILLION;
• SITE INCLUDES :
FORESTRY , MICRO ELECTRICAL WORKS - RS 2.5 MILLION
PROPAGATION
COST OF VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES : RS
TECHNOLOGY PARK
18.54 MILLION
(MTP) , PATCHY GREENS,
RETREAT CENTRE , GOLF
 GEOMETRY OF THE BLOCK
• THE NORTH BLOCK IS MADE SLIGHTLY CONCAVE
TOWARDS THE FRONT. SOUTH FORMS A HYBRID CONVEX
SURFACE FACING THE WINTER SUN.
• THE POINT OF THE SOUTH BLOCK BROADLY FALLS ON
THE SURFACE OF LARGE IMAGINARY CONES THAT
GENERATED THE SLIGHTLY FREE GEOMETRY & THIS
ALLOW THE ARCHITECTURE TO BREAK AWAY THE GRID
IRON APPORACH NORMALLY ASSOCIATED WITH SOLAR
ARCHITECTURE
 SITE AND DESIGN
• THE LINEAR GEOMETRY OF THE SITE WITH A
NARROW FRONTAGE AND AN ASPECT RATIO OF
ALMOST 1:3 DICTATED THE STRONG LINEAR AXIS
IN THE DESIGN.

• THE LOGICAL SEQUENCE OF POSITIONING THE

THREE DISTINCT FUNCTIONING ZONES IN A
HIERARCHY OF PUBLIC ACCESS TO RESTRICTED
ENTRY FORMED THE OTHER KEY CONSIDERATION
• INPLACING
DESIGN THE COMMERCIAL BLOCK AT THE FRONT WAS THE MOST LOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT.
CHOICE IN EXPLOITING THE COMMERCIAL POTENTIAL OF THE FRONTAGE OF
THE SITE.

• THE FUNCTIONAL CORE ALSO COINCIDES WITH THE GEOMETRIC CENTRAL PART
OF THE LINEAR SITE. THE RESIDENTIAL ZONE COMES UP FROM THE REAR
FORMING THE LAST ZONE IN THE LINEAR SEQUENCE.

• THAT THE DESIGN RESPONDS TO ORIENTATION AND CLIMATIC FACTORS, IS BUT

AN OBVIOUS FACT.
 SUN
• PASSIVE SOLAR DESIGN IS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE
IN THE DESIGN OF THIS BUILDING. THE PLANNING
AND ORIENTATION OF SPACES AND BUILDING
BLOCKS ENSURES GLARE FREE DAYLIGHT IN ALL
REGULARLY OCCUPIED SPACES.

• ALL THE LINEAR BLOCKS ARE ORIENTED IN THE

EAST-WEST DIRECTION WITH SHORTER FACADES
FACING THE SUN. MOST OF THE SOUTH WEST FACING
WALLS ARE KEPT BLANK IN ORDER TO PROTECT THE
BUILDING FROM THE HARSH SOUTH WEST SOLAR
RADIATIONS.

• WHERE THE SOUTH WEST WALLS HAVE OPENINGS,

THEY ARE PROTECTED BY MEANS OF PERGOLAS OR
PROJECTING BALCONIES. THE EAST, WEST AND
SOUTH FACADES OF THE BUILDING HAVE MINIMUM
 AIR
• THE PREDOMINANT WIND DIRECTION IS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DESIGNING THE
OPEN SPACES. THE CENTRAL ATRIUM ACTS AS AN AIR FUNNEL DEFINED BY THE
OTHER BUILDINGS.

• THE OPENING ORIENTED IN THE PREVAILING WIND DIRECTION CATCHES THE OUTSIDE
AIR AND CHANNELIZES IT THROUGH A NARROW STRETCH OF THE BLOCK BEFORE
RELEASING IT INTO THE CENTRAL COURT AREA.

• THE ARCHITECT'S EXPERIENCE OF DESIGN IN HOT DRY AREAS, PARTICULARLY IN

EARLIER PROJECTS IN HYDERABAD MADE HIM CONFIDENT OF THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF THIS DESIGN FEATURE IN COOLING THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURES OF THE
ENCLOSED AREAS.

• THE CENTRAL ATRIUM IS ALSO PROPOSED TO BE COVERED WITH AN AUTOMATIC

ADJUSTABLE LOUVERS SYSTEM (VERGOLA).

• THE ANGLE OF THE LOUVERS CAN BE ADJUSTED TO BLOCK THE SOLAR RADIATIONS
DURING SUMMER AND TO ALLOW AMPLE SUNLIGHT DURING WINTER.

• THE SYSTEM IS FURTHER PROPOSED TO BE INTEGRATED WITH PHOTO VOLTAIC

PANELS. THE LOUVERS IF KEPT CLOSED CAN EFFECTIVELY PREVENT RAIN WATER
• THE CAMPUS IS EQUIPPED WITH THREE TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEMS

• (I)VARIABLE REFRIGERANT VOLUME SYSTEM (VRV)

• (II) EARTH AIR TUNNEL (EAT)

• (III) THERMAL MASS STORAGE

• THE VRV SYSTEM IS PROPOSED FOR THE PERIPHERAL COMMERCIAL BLOCK AND THE
ADMINISTRATIVE BLOCK OF THE INSTITUTE. THIS STATE-OF-THE-ART AIR CONDITIONING
SYSTEM, WHICH IS SIMILAR TO A SPLIT AC IS HIGHLY EFFICIENT UNDER PARTIAL
LOADING CONDITIONS AND BENEFICIAL TO AREAS WITH VARYING OCCUPANCY.

• IT ALLOWS CUSTOMIZED CONTROL OF INDIVIDUAL ZONES ELIMINATING THE USE OF

CHILLED WATER PIPING, DUCTING AND PLANT ROOM.

• THE USE OF EARTH AIR TUNNEL GIVES AN ENERGY SAVING OF NEARLY 50% AS
COMPARED TO THE CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM THERMAL MASS STORAGE USED FOR
COOLING THE CLASSROOMS AND LABS INVOLVES STORING ENERGY WHEN AVAILABLE
AND USING IT WHEN REQUIRED.

• HERE, COOLING OF THERMAL MASS IS DONE DURING NIGHT. THIS COOL THERMAL MASS
IS USED TO COOL AIR IN DAY TIME. THIS SYSTEM GIVES AN ENERGY SAVING OF UP TO
• FEW OF THE SOUTH FACING WALLS ARE
MOUNTED WITH AERO SCREEN LOUVERS
(HUNTER DOUGLAS) FIXED AT AN ANGLE OF
35DEG.

• THIS ENSURES THAT THE WINTER SUN IS LET IN

WHERE AS THE SUMMER SUN IS BLOCKED. THE
USE OF LOUVERS IN FRONT OF THE GLAZED
WALLS ALSO REDUCES THE HEATING UP OF THE
GLASS FACADE CONSIDERABLY.

• THE WALLS THAT ARE EXPOSED TO THE HARSH

SOLAR RAYS HAVE A STONE CLADDING WHICH IS
•FIXED TO THE
THE AIR GAPWALL BY CHANNELS.
BETWEEN THE WALL AND THE STONE CLADDING IN ITSELF ACTS AS
AN INSULATION LAYER.

• ON THE WESTERN FAÇADE, ROCK WOOL INSULATION IS ALSO PROVIDED IN THE

WALL.

• ENERGY EFFICIENCY IS FURTHER ENHANCED BY VERMICULITE INSULATION IN

PARTS OF THE ROOF SLAB.
 EARTH AIR TUNNEL (EAT)
• THE EARTH AIR TUNNEL (EAT) IS USED IN THE
HOSTEL BLOCKS. THIS IS A DUAL HEATING-
COOLING SYSTEM USING THE HEAT SINK
PROPERTY OF THE EARTH TO MAINTAIN
COMFORTABLE TEMPERATURES INSIDE THE
BUILDING.
• ON CONTINUOUS UNINTERRUPTED
USE IN EXTREME HEAT CONDITIONS
AS IN DELHI, THIS SYSTEM FACES
THE PROBLEM OF THE EARTH
AROUND THE TUNNEL GETTING
HEAT SATURATED AND REDUCING
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COOLING.

• AIR WHICH PASSES THROUGH THE BURIED PIPES • A RECOVERY TIME IS REQUIRED FOR
GETS COOLED IN SUMMER AND HEATED UP IN THE EARTH TO DISSIPATE THE HEAT
WINTER. A LOT OF RESEARCH WENT IN TO THE FROM THE IMMEDIATE
SURROUNDINGS.
DESIGN OF THIS SYSTEM.

• AIRTRON, THE AIR-CONDITIONING • AFTER RIGOROUS EXPERIMENTS

CONSULTANTS FOR THE PROJECT IN AND SIMULATIONS A SECOND LOOP
OF TUBES WAS CREATED AND THE
COLLABORATION WITH FACULTY OF INDIAN
TWO
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE, BANGALORE
SIMULATED THE SYSTEM AND REFINED IT TO
PERFECTION.

• LOOPS USED ALTERNATELY TO PROVIDE

 DESIGN FEATURES
• ROOF INSULATED WITH VERMICULITE Vermiculite
concrete
CONCRETE AND CHINA MOSAIC WHITE
FINISH.
• INSULATED WALLS USING EXPANDED
POLYSTYRENE INSULATION.
• VERMICULITE CONCRETE CHINA MOSAIC
WHITE FINISH POLYSTYRENE INSULATION
• SHADING DEVICES AND FENESTRATION
HAVE BEEN DESIGNED TO CUT OFF SUMMER
SUN & LET IN WINTER SUN.
• GLARE FREE DAY LIGHTS USED THROUGH
• Building designed as such wind direction can be
redirected.
• Deciduous trees used in the south to shade the building in
summers. • in winters these shed their leaves thus letting in
winter sun
• Building oriented along east west axis so as to have
maximum exposure along north-south.
• South side partially sunk into ground to reduce heat gains
and loses.
• East and west devoid of opening are shaded
 ENERGY EFFICIENT SYSTEM ( EAT)

• Four tunnels of 70m long and 70cm diameter

layer at a depth of 4m.
• Four fans of 2 hp each force the air in and
solar chimney force the air out of the rooms.
• Temp. remains 26 C 4m deep in Gurgaon
through year.
• Rooms cooled at 28 C when temp. is 40
degree during daytime in summers. In
winters temp. recorded was 22 degree when
the ambient temp. was 10 degree Celsius.
EARTHAIRTUNNEL(EAT Solar chimney
ROOT ZONE SYSTEM PHRAGMITES PLANT
WATER COLLECTING SYSTEM
• • Waste water is recycled by ‘root zone’ technique in which the roots of
phragmites plants with special capabilities of collecting the waste at the roots
are used to clean the water which is used for irrigation.
• It cleans 5metre cube of water every day.
• • Water harvesting and watershed management are proposed in entire area.
 SOLAR HOT WATER PANELS
RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEM
• • 24 hot water panel forms a part of parapet walls
inclined at 70 degree instead of 45 degree.

• Fulfills the daily requirement of 2000 liters daily

at 65 degree Celsius.

• In winters gas derived from burning twigs, dry

leaves etc. serves as a back up source to heat the
water.
 BIOMASS GASIFIER SYSTEM 
• The biomass gasifier is the main source of power during the day
Apart from fuelwood, the gasifier can also use straw, small
twigs and branches, and other crop residue. To make such fuel
easy to handle, it is chopped into small pieces which are pressed
together to form compact cakes or briquettes. The 50-kilowatt
gasifier runs a generator, whose diesel requirements have been
cut down to 30% after appropriate modifications; the rest of the
fuel comes from the gasifier in the form of producer gas. One
unit of electricity produced needs 1 kg biomass and 90 ml of
diesel.