Carbohydrates

 sources of carbohydrates
 What are Carbohydtares?
Hydrates of Carbon, Since the molecular formula
of many Carbohydrates could be expressed in the
form
Cx(H2O)y.

Example Glucose (C6H12O6)

Sucrose(C12H22O11)

Formaldehyde C(H2O)

Acetic acid C2(H2O)2

 What are Carbohydtares?
Carbohydrates are now defined chemically as aldehyde
or ketone derivatives of the higher polyhydric (more
than one OH group) alcohols or as compounds
which yield these derivatives on hydrolysis.

Carbohydrates are
white solids,
sparingly soluble in
organic liquids. Low
molecular weight
have a sweet taste
 Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
The term monosaccharides is employed for such sugar that
on hydrolysis yield, no further lower sugars.

The general formula of monosaccharides is CnH2nOn

Subdivided as trioses, tetroses, tetroses depending upon

the number of carbon atoms

Aldoses or ketoses , whether the aldehyde or ketone

groups are present.
 Classification of carbohydrates
Oligosaccharides
Carbohydrates that hydrolysis to yeild 2 or 10 moles of a
monosaccharide are sometimes called oligosaccharides.
The general formula is Cn(H2O)n-1
 Classification of carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that yield a large number of moles of monosaccharides,i.e
10 are known as polysaccharides.
The general formula of polysaccharides is (C6H10O5)n
 Glycolysis
Glycolysis is defined as a molecule of glucose is degraded in a series of
enzyme catalyzed reactions To yield two molecules of the three carbon
compound pyruvate with the production of ATP.

This pathway is often referred to as Embden Meyerhof pathway.

6 Glyceraldehyde3-phosphate 1,3- ( 2 NADH, ETC, oxidative Gain of ATP= 6
Bisphosphoglycerate phosphorylation)
Total Gain of ATP=
6+2