ATTITUDES & Structure and Functions

BEHAVIOUR Job Attitudes

VALUES
 Basic conviction: “A specific mode of conduct or
end-state of existence is personally or socially
preferable to an opposite or converse mode
of conduct or end-state of existence.”
- Rokeach

 What is right and needs priority

 What is important to the person
 ROKEACH VALUE
SURVEY


SCHWARTZ’S VALUES
MODEL
VALUES

 Tied in with feelings

 Motivate action
 Transcend specific situations/actions
VALUES - SOURCE

 Individual
 Family
 Society
 Generation
 Religion
 Nation
 Organization
HOFSTEDE NATIONAL
CULTURE
 Power Distance
 Extent to which the less powerful members expect and
accept that power is distributed unequally
 Individualism/Collectivism
 Degree of interdependence among its members;
privacy
 Masculinity/Femininity
 Distribution of roles between genders; assertiveness
and acquisition of money and material vs quality of life
HOFSTEDE NATIONAL
CULTURE
 Uncertainty Avoidance
 Extent to feel threatened by uncertain situations
 Long term orientation
 Maintaining past while dealing with present and future
 Indulgence
 Extent to which people control desires and impulses
based on the way they were raised
HOFSTEDE NATIONAL
CULTURE
VALUES –
INCONGRUENCY IMPACT
 Organization values v/s personal values
BELIEFS
Statements about the relationship between two
entities/concepts

Can be very specific or very general

Most of the proverbs?!

What one holds to be true

ATTITUDES

 Relatively enduring organizations of beliefs,

feelings and behavioral tendencies towards
socially significant objects, groups, events or
symbols
- Hogg & Vaughan
ATTITUDES

 Pre-disposition to react to a situation, person,

concept or an object with a particular response
 Evaluative judgments: Can be positive,
negative or neutral
 +ve if helps us achieve our goals (values) and vice
versa
 Results from an individual’s past observations,
direct experiences or exposure to other’s
attitude (associations – learning theory)
COMPONENTS OF
ATTITUDES
 ABC model of attitudes
 Cognitive (or informational or evaluative)
 Affective (or emotional)
 Behavioral (or intention for action)
ATTITUDE 
BEHAVIOUR
 Cognitive Dissonance
 Conflicting attitudes, behaviour at the same time
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

 XXX is a boring and useless subject

 At the end of the course, 3 independent groups
 Some are required to tell the juniors how wonderful and
interesting the course was and are paid INR500
 Some are required to tell the juniors how wonderful and
interesting the course was and are paid INR2500
 Some are just left alone
 Attitudes towards XXX are measured
COGNITIVE DISSONANCE

 Achieving balance
 Changing the behavior
 Changing the attitude
 Justify attitude and behaviour
IMPLICIT ATTITUDES

 Evaluations without conscious awareness

 Halo effect

 Implicit association test - Harvard

WORK ATTITUDES

 Job satisfaction / dissatisfaction

 Organizational commitment
 Organizational identification
OUTCOMES

 Absenteeism / Turnover
 Performance
 Organizational Citizenship Behaviours
IN PRACTICE

 Realize your explicit attitudes

 Be vary of implicit attitudes
 Unravelling the self-concept (self’s and others’)
 Realize how these can impact the outcomes
Thank you