FRACTION

A fraction represents a part of a

whole.
1
8
Parts of a Fraction

1 → numerator
vinculum
8 → denominator
 FOUR
FUNDAMENTAL
OPERATIONS OF
FRACTION
 1. Addition of Fractions
• SIMILAR FRACTIONS EXAMPLES
-fractions whose denominators
are the same. Add: 1 + 2 + 5 = or 1
8 8 8
STEPS:
1. add first all the numerators
2. retain the denominator. NOTE: Reduce to lowest term
 1. Addition of Fractions
• SIMILAR FRACTIONS EXAMPLES
-fractions whose Add: 1 2 1
denominators are the 3  2
3 3 3
same.
1 2 1
= 3 2
STEPS: 3
1. add first all the 4
= 5or 1
numerators 6
3 3
2. retain the
denominator.
 1. Addition of Fractions
• SIMILAR FRACTIONS EXAMPLES
-fractions whose 1 2 1
denominators are the Add: 3  2
same. 3 3 3
10 2 7
=  
STEPS: 3 3 3
1. add first all the = 19 1
numerators → 6
2. retain the 3 3
denominator.
 1. Addition of Fractions
• DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS
-fractions whose denominators
are NOT the same. LEAST COMMON
DENOMINATOR is the least or
STEPS: smallest number which can be
1. get the least common exactly divided by the different
denominator(LCM) to make denominators.
dissimilar fractions into similar
fractions
2. add first all the numerators
3. retain the denominator.
 1. Addition of Fractions
• DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS EXAMPLE:
-fractions whose denominators Add: 1 1 1
 
are NOT the same. 2 3 4
2 = 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
STEPS:
3 = 3, 6, 9, 12
1. get the least common
denominator(LCM) to make 4 = 4, 8, 12
dissimilar fractions into similar
fractions
2. add first all the numerators
3. retain the denominator.
 1. Addition of Fractions
• DISSIMILAR FRACTIONS EXAMPLE:
-fractions whose denominators Add: 1 1 1
 
are NOT the same. 2 3 4
= 6 4 3
STEPS:  
12 12 12
1. get the least common
denominator(LCM) to make
dissimilar fractions into similar
fractions
2. add first all the numerators
3. retain the denominator.
 1. Addition of Fractions
Addition of Mixed Numbers EXAMPLE:
Add: 3 1  6 5  1 2
STEPS: 4 8 5
1. add the whole numbers = 3  6  1  10  25  16
2. add the fraction, if the 40 40 40
fraction is similar
= 10 51 or 11 11
3. get the LCD first, if
40 40
dissimilar
 1. Addition of Fractions
Addition of Mixed
Numbers

STEPS:
1. add the whole
numbers  or 11
11
40

2. add the fraction, if

the fraction is similar 51 11
 10 or11
3. get the LCD first, if 40 40
dissimilar
 2. Subtraction of Fractions
Subtraction of Similar Example:
Fractions

STEPS
1. subtract the
numerator
2. retain the
denominator
 2. Subtraction of Fractions
Subtraction of Example:
Disimilar Fractions
2 1 8 3
STEPS   
3 4 12 12
1. convert first the
dissimilar fractions to (8  3)

similar fractions by 12
getting the LCD. 5
2. subtract all the 
numerators 12
3. retain the
denominator
 2. Subtraction of Fractions
Subtraction of Disimilar Example:
Fractions
2 1 8 3
STEPS 
= 
1. convert first the 3 4 12 12
dissimilar fractions to = 5
similar fractions by getting 12
the LCD.
2. subtract all the
numerators
3. retain the denominator
 2. Subtraction of Fractions
Subtraction of Mixed Example:
Numbers 5 2
STEPS
5 3
4 3
1. subtract first the whole 15  8
numbers =
5  3
2.If the fraction is
12
dissimilar make it to 7
=
similar fraction first by 2
getting the LCD 12
 2. Subtraction of Fractions
Subtraction of mixed Example:
numbers whose fractional 1 3
subtrahend is greater than 23  15
8 4
the minuend. Borrow one
1 6
unit from the whole number 23  15
and proceed to subtractions = 8 8
if it is a similar fraction. If 3
15 unitfrom
9
Weborrow 6 7 23
22 one
not, get the LCD first before • 1=8/88 8 8
you proceed to subtraction. • 22 8 + 1 = 22 9
8 8 8
 3. Multiplication of Fractions
To multipy fraction by Example:
another fraction
1 4 (1x 4)
x 
STEPS: 8 7 (8 x 7)
4 4
 
1. Multiply their numerators 56 4
2. Multiply their denominators
1
3. Reduce to lowest terms 
14
 3. Multiplication of Fractions
To multipy a whole number Example:
by a fraction
STEPS: 3 25 3
25   
1. Make the whole number a 5 1 5
fraction by having a ( 25  3)
denominator of 1 
2. Multiply their numerators
(1 5)
125
3. Multiply their denominators
4. Reduce to lowest terms   25
5
 3. Multiplication of Fractions
To multipy a whole number Example:
by a mixed number
STEPS: 1 2 13
23  
1. Change the mixed number to 4 1 4
improper fraction
( 2  13)
2. Make the whole number a fraction 
by having a denominator of 1 (1 4)
26 13
3. Multiply their numerators
4. Multiply their denominators
 
5. Reduce to lowest terms
4 2
 3. Division of Fractions
To divide a fraction by Example:
another fraction 2 3 2 4
STEPS:   
3 4 3 3
1. invert the divisor (change the ( 2  4)
divisor to its reciprocal); 
2. and multiply. (3  3)
8

9
 3. Division of Fractions
To divide whole numbers and Example:
fractions 2 5 3
STEPS: 5  
3 1 2
1. the whole numbers are
(5  3)
always treated as fractions with 
the denominator of 1. (1 2)
2. invert the divisor (change the 15
divisor to its reciprocal); 
3. and multiply.
2
3. Division of Fractions
To divide mixed numbers,
we always change the
mixed numbers to improper
fraction then proceed as in
division of common
fractions.
CHANGING FRACTION TO
DECIMAL AND PERCENT
AND VICE VERSA
To reduce fractions to decimal, we simply
perform division.
Example:
Change 3/4 to decimal
To convert fractions to Example:
percent,
5
STEPS:
1. change the fraction to 12
decimal (by performing
= 5 ÷ 12
division)
2. and move the decimal = .41666
point two (2) places to the =41.67 %
right,
3. then affix the percent
sign.
To convert decimal Example:
to percent, we move .75= 75 %
the decimal point two 2.00 = 200%
places to the right
.0065= .65%
and affix the percent
sign (%).
To convert percent to Example:
fraction, 14%= 14 =.14
STEPS 14

1. we first change 100
percent to decimal, 7

2. then change the 50
decimal to fraction and 375%= 375 =.375
3. reduce to lowest 375 3
 
terms. 1000 8