ANATOMI

SISTEM SARAF
BY
NUR DUCHA
Home
Fungsi Sistem saraf
1. Sensory input – gathering information
(memasukkan /meneruskan rangsangan-
mengumpulkan informasi)
·Memonitor perubahan /stimuli yang terjadi di
dalam dan di luar tubuh
2. Integration –
· Untuk memroses dan menginterpretasi masuknya
rangsangan dan memutuskan suatu aksi
3. Motor output
·Respon untuk suatu stimuli
·Respon mengaktivasi otot atau kelenjar
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Klasifikasi Sistem Saraf
Sistem saraf pusat (CNS) :
- Otak
- Medula spinalis
Sistem saraf perifer (PNS):

- Percabangan saraf yg berasal dari otak

- Percabangan saraf yg berasal dari medula
spinali
• Sistem saraf autonom (sistem saraf simpatis dan
parasimpatis, yaitu mengontrol aksi otot polos)
Organization of the Nervous
System

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 Central Nervous System (CNS)

 Brain and Spinal Cord

 “Command Central”
 PNS (Peripheral Nervous
System) are nerves that go
out to targets in body
Regions of the Brain

· Cerebral
hemispheres
· Diencephalon
· Brain stem
· Cerebellum
Figure 7.12

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Divisions of the Brain
Forebrain – cerebrum
and diencephalon
Midbrain –
mesencephalon
Hindbrain –
cerebellum,pons and
the medulla oblongata
(sometimes called the
brain stem)
Lobes of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.15a

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 Primary Brain Vesicles
Prosencephalon (Forebrain)
◦ Smell
Mesoncephalon (Midbrain)
◦ Vision
Rhombencephalon (Hindbrain)
◦ Hearing

Figure 15.1: Primary brain

vessicles (book figure 16.13).
 Primary Brain Vesicles (con’t)

Figure 15.2: Basic brain plan.

Figure 15.3: Brain divisions.
Neuron Anatomy

· Cell body
·Nucleus
·Large
nucleolus

Figure 7.4a

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Saraf Sensorik
Saraf Motorik
Saraf Penghubung
JENIS SEL SARAF
BERDASARKAN FUNGSI
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

· Paired (left
and right)
superior parts
of the brain
· Include more
than half of
the brain
mass
Figure 7.13a

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Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)

· The surface
is made of
ridges (gyri)
and grooves
(sulci)

Figure 7.13a

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Lobes of the Cerebrum

· Fissures (deep grooves) divide the

cerebrum into lobes
· Surface lobes of the cerebrum
·Frontal lobe
·Parietal lobe
·Occipital lobe
·Temporal lobe

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Specialized Areas of the Cerebrum

· Somatic sensory area – receives

impulses from the body’s sensory
receptors
· Primary motor area – sends impulses to
skeletal muscles
· Broca’s area – involved in our ability to
speak

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Sensory and Motor Areas of the
Cerebral Cortex

Figure 7.14

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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

· Cerebral areas involved in special

senses
·Gustatory area (taste)
·Visual area
·Auditory area
·Olfactory area

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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

· Interpretation areas of the cerebrum

·Speech/language region
·Language comprehension region
·General interpretation area

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Specialized Area of the Cerebrum

Figure 7.13c

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Layers of the Cerebrum

· Gray matter
·Outer layer
·Composed
mostly of neuron
cell bodies

Figure 7.13a

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Layers of the Cerebrum

· White matter
·Fiber tracts
inside the gray
matter
·Example:
corpus callosum
connects
hemispheres
Figure 7.13a

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Craniate Brains

Figure 15.14: Craniate brains.

 Research Methods

Research has not supported that a larger

brain is correlated with higher intelligence.
Brain-to-body ratio research has some
limited validity. (
Moderate correlation exists between IQ and
brain size (.3)
Amount of grey and white matter may also
play a role.
IQ is correlated with amount of grey matter
 Research Methods

Greater resemblance among twins for both

brain size and IQ
For monozygotic twins, the size of one
twin’s brain correlates significantly with the
other twin’s IQ.
Therefore, whatever genes that control
brain also relate to IQ.
Fish Cerebrum

Primitive sensory
◦ Pallium- dorsal area
Motor area
◦ Subpallium- ventral area
 Globus pallidus (Striatum)

Figure 15.16: Globus pallidus of

fish; left cerebral hemisphere
(book figure 16.25).
Amphibian Cerebrum

Similar pallium and globus pallidus

Split left and right hemispheres

Figure 15.17: Globus pallidus of amphibian; left

cerebral hemisphere (book figure 16.25).
 Reptile Cerebrum
Cerebrum is huge
compared to amphibians
◦ Increase of lateral walls
◦ Pushes into lateral ventricle
 Dorsal ventricular ridge forms
 Receives visual, auditory, and
sensory stimuli

Figure 15.18: Globus pallidus of

reptile and bird; left cerebral
hemisphere (book figure 16.25).
Bird Cerebrum

Similar to reptiles
Avian ridge (hyperstiatum)
◦ Stratum of neurons that capped ridge
◦ Processes visual information
◦ Important to instinctive stereotypic behavior
 Migration and courtship
 Mammal Cerebrum
Lateral ventricles extremely expanded
◦ Neocortex
 Higher mental facilities
◦ Grooves (sulci)
◦ Folds (gyrae)

Figure 15.19: Neocortex of mammalian brain.

Diencephalon

· Sits on top of the brain stem

· Enclosed by the cerebral heispheres
· Made of three parts
·Thalamus
·Hypothalamus
·Epithalamus

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Diencephalon

Figure 7.15

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Brain Stem

· Attaches to the spinal cord

· Parts of the brain stem
·Midbrain
·Pons
·Medulla oblongata

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Brain Stem

Figure 7.15a

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Midbrain

· Mostly composed of tracts of nerve

fibers
·Reflex centers for vision and hearing
·Cerebral aquaduct – 3rd-4th ventricles

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Pons

· The bulging center part of the brain

stem
· Mostly composed of fiber tracts
· Includes nuclei involved in the control of
breathing

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Medulla Oblongata
· The lowest part of the brain stem
· Merges into the spinal cord
· Includes important fiber tracts
· Contains important control centers
·Heart rate control
·Blood pressure regulation
·Breathing
·Swallowing
·Vomiting

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Cerebellum

· Two hemispheres with convoluted

surfaces
· Provides involuntary coordination of
body movements

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Protection of the Central Nervous
System
· Scalp and skin
· Skull and vertebral column
· Meninges

Figure 7.16a

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Protection of the Central Nervous
System
· Cerebrospinal fluid
· Blood brain barrier

Figure 7.16a

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Meninges

· Dura mater
·Double-layered external covering
·Periosteum – attached to surface of the
skull
·Meningeal layer – outer covering of the
brain
·Folds inward in several areas

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Meninges

· Arachnoid layer
·Middle layer
·Web-like
· Pia mater
·Internal layer
·Clings to the surface of the brain

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Cerebrospinal Fluid

· Similar to blood plasma composition

· Formed by the choroid plexus
· Forms a watery cushion to protect the
brain
· Circulated in arachnoid space,
ventricles, and central canal of the
spinal cord

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Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid

Figure 7.17a

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Ventricles and Location of the
Cerebrospinal Fluid

Figure 7.17b

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Spinal Cord
· Extends from the
medulla oblongata to
the region of T12
· Below T12 is the cauda
equina (a collection of
spinal nerves)
· Enlargements occur in
the cervical and lumbar
regions
Figure 7.18

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Spinal Cord Anatomy
· Exterior white mater – conduction tracts

Figure 7.19

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Spinal Cord Anatomy
· Central canal filled with cerebrospinal
fluid

Figure 7.19

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Spinal Cord Anatomy

· Meninges cover the spinal cord

· Nerves leave at the level of each
vertebrae
·Dorsal root
· Associated with the dorsal root ganglia –
collections of cell bodies outside the central
nervous system
·Ventral root

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Peripheral Nervous System

· Nerves and ganglia outside the central

nervous system
· Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers
· Neuron fibers are bundled by
connective tissue

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Peripheral Nervous System

· Nerves and ganglia outside the central

nervous system
· Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers
· Neuron fibers are bundled by
connective tissue

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The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral
Sensory Neurons

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.1
Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic
Motor Systems
Somatic motor system
◦ One motor neuron extends from the CNS to
skeletal muscle
◦ Axons are well myelinated, conduct impulses
rapidly

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic
Motor Systems
Somatic motor system
◦ One motor neuron extends from the CNS to
skeletal muscle
◦ Axons are well myelinated, conduct impulses
rapidly

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Comparison of Autonomic and Somatic
Motor Systems
Autonomic nervous system
◦ Chain of two motor neurons
 Preganglionic neuron
 Postganglionic neuron
◦ Conduction is slower due to thinly or
unmyelinated axons

Pre-ganglionic Post-ganglionic

Ganglion
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Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems

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Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.2
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous
System
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
divisions
 Innervate mostly the same structures
 Cause opposite effects

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Benjamin Cummings
Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous
System
Sympathetic – “fight, flight, or fright”
◦ Activated during exercise, excitement, and
emergencies
Parasympathetic – “rest and digest”
◦ Concerned with conserving energy

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Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Divisions
Issue from different
regions of the CNS
◦ Sympathetic – also
called the
thoracolumbar
division
◦ Parasympathetic –
also called the
craniosacral division

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Figure 15.3
Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Divisions

Length of postganglionic fibers

◦ Sympathetic – long postganglionic fibers
◦ Parasympathetic – short postganglionic fibers
Branching of axons
◦ Sympathetic axons – highly branched
 Influences many organs
◦ Parasympathetic axons – few branches
 Localized effect

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Neurotransmitters of Autonomic Nervous
System
Neurotransmitter released by
preganglionic axons
◦ Acetylcholine for both branches (cholinergic)
Neurotransmitter released by
postganglionic axons
◦ Sympathetic – most release norepinephrine
(adrenergic)
◦ Parasympathetic – release acetylcholine

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Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Divisions

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Education, Inc., publishing as
Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.4a
Anatomical Differences in Sympathetic
and Parasympathetic Divisions

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Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.4b
The Parasympathetic Division

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Benjamin Cummings
Figure 15.5
 GERAK REFLEKS
Gerak Refleks terjadi apabila rangsangan yang diterima sel saraf sensorik
disampaikan oleh neuron perantara. Rangsangan oleh neuron perantara
langsung diteruskan ke sel saraf motorik tanpa melalui dan diterjemahkan oleh
otak.

SARAF
RANGSANG RESEPTOR SEL SENSORIK PERANTARA EFEKTOR

Gerak biasa terjadi apabila rangsangan yang diterima sel saraf sensorik
kemudain diteruskan ke otak. Dari otak kemudian diterjemakhan perintah ke sel
saraf motorik untuk melakukan gerakan. Gerakan ini diketahui atau dapat
dikontrol oleh otak. (Gb.2)

RANGSANG RESEPTOR S. SENSORIK OTAK S. MOTORIK EFEKTOR

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TUGAS POSTER
ISI POSTER :
A. Pendahuluan (latar belakang, tujuan)
B. Alat, bahan dan metode
C. Hasil dan Pembahasan
D. Kesimpulan
E. Saran
F. Daftar Pustaka