THYPUS

Group 3
Name :
1. Ahmad Abiyyu M (P17221173042)
2. Iga Arif Fathurini (P17221173046)
3. Tya Dwi Anggraeni (P17221174056)
4. Nayla Rifa’atul Aulia (P17221174068)
Murine Typhus
Definition

Prevention Etiology

Symptom
Therapy
and Sign
 DEFINITION
Murine typhus (endemic typhus) fever is a disease caused by Rickettsia
typhi, one of the most frequent ricketsiosis. Rickettsia typhi belongs to
Typhus group rickettsiosis (TGR). TGR is divided into 4 types based on
analysis contemporary phylogenetic, namely ancestral (Rickettsia bellii,
Rickettsia canadensis), typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii, Rickettsia typhi),
transitional (Ricketsia akari, Rickettsia felis), and spotted fever groups
(Rickettsia ricketsii, Rickettsia proori Rickettsia sibirica). Rickettsia
prowazekii which is transmitted by lice causes a severe form, R. typhi
causes murine typhus, which is a milder form.
 ETIOLOGY
Murine typhus is an endemic zoonotic disease caused by Rickettsia typhi,
obligate gram-negative intracellular bacteria in the form of coccobacili and
bacilli short that cause acute fever. Like other rickets organisms, R. typhi is a
small bacterium (0.4 x 1.3 mm), which relies onarthropods hematophagous
(such as ticks) and mammals to maintain its life cycle. R. typhi reproduces in
theepithelial cells midgut flea and comes out with feces. Humans and other
mammals are infected with bacteria through tick bites and feces that are
inoculated into the bite site. This bacterium also infects the reproductive
organs of lice, which allows transovarial transmission of infection. The main
vector of murine typhus is rat mice, Xenopsylla cheopis.
 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS
Murine typhus is difficult to diagnose especially at the beginning of
treatment because the clinical symptoms are not specific such as
redness of the skin rashes, conjunctival bleeding, and / or
gastrointestinal bleeding. Generally diagnosis is based on clinical, travel
history, cold weather, or crowded environment.
 THERAPY
• Antibiotics are very effective if they start early in the first week of symptoms. Therapy
must be initiated based on clinical and epidemiological approaches without having to
wait for confirmation of laboratory diagnosis. Antimicrobial testing is not routinely
carried out.
• Doxycycline is a drug of choice used for 7 to 10 days. Doxycycline is considered safe for
children (aged <9 years) because of its short use (3-7 days), thereby reducing the risk of
dental staining. Chloramphenicol has also been proven effective and may be an
alternative in first and second trimester pregnant women. Quinolones such as
ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin are also effective alternatives. Duration of therapy varies from a
minimum of 5 days to a maximum of 3-4 days free of fever. Most cases are treated with
doxycycline (2x100 mg orally for 5 days) or chloramphenicol (4x500 mg orally for 7-10
days) or ciprofloxacin (2x750 mg orally for 5 days).
 PREVENTION
The best way to prevent this is to minimize vector exposure by limiting
rodent and flea contact, maintaining personal hygiene, using
insecticides to reduce rodent populations. Leaves and bushes must be
trimmed so as not to provide shelter for rodents and feral cats. Window
curtains must be installed to prevent animals from entering the house.
Food sources that can encourage wild animals into the house, such as
open bins, cans, food that falls, and pet food should be cleaned
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