Modul : 06

SISTEM KOMUNIKASI BERGERAK

Antena pada Sistem Cellular

MALANG, 2020

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Macam-Macam Jenis Antena yang ada di BTS
1) Omnidirectional Pada kondisi awal biasanya
digunakan pola
Rx
Rx
omnidirectional
Tx
( tergantung demand ).
Kegunaan dari pola Sectoring
a. Menambah kapasitas
2) Sectoring 120o b. Mengurangi
interferensi

3) Sectoring 60o

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Bentuk Konfigurasi Sektor Sel

4 sector ( quad sector )

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RBS / BTS
= Radio Base Station / Base Transceiver Station
= Merupakan perangkat transceiver yang berhubungan dari / ke
pelanggan (Interface / repeater antara MS dan MSC) .
= Elemen-elemen RBS :
 Transceiver
 Control Unit / BSC / Base Station Controller
 Antena
 Data terminal

Bagaimana bentuk antena

pada lokasi site ? s it e 3 s e k t o r d e n g a n 7
a r r a y a n t e n a t ia p s in g le
s e k to rn y a a n te n n a

b a s e s t a t io n
j a lu r t r a n s m is i h o u s in g
g e lo m b a n g
m ik r o m e n u j u
BSC

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 Radio (Tx & Rx) System

propagation
Signal
Source Signal
Txer PA Rxer
(Voice, Information
data, etc) Tx filter feedline Rx filter Pre-Amp

• Signal Source: Informasi & Baseband Processing.

• Tx-er: Modulator, Channel Encoder, Interleaver, etc.
• PA: Power Amplifier.
• Feedline: Cable, Connector and Jumper.
• Pre-Amp: LNA.
• Rx-er: Demodulator, Channel Decoder, De-Interleaver, etc.

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 Structure of Transmitter

Connector
Jumper
Info BB
Mod PA
Signal Processing

Depend on Jumper Cable

type of Mod used

• BB Processing: to process analog signal into digital signal & other processing
• Mod: translate from BB freq. To RF freq  depend on type of cellular system
being used e.g. G-MSK modulator for GSM.
• Power Amp:
- Class A: high linearity
- Class B: greater output power more efficient than Class A, but less linear
- Class AB: combined adv. of class A & B  become widely used in wireless.
- Class C: more power efficient  widely used in wireless

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 Transmitting Combiners
• Allows multiple transmitters to feed
single antenna, providing
– Minimum power loss from transmitter
to antenna
– Maximum isolation between
transmitters
• Combiner types
– Tuned
• low insertion loss ~1-3 dB
• transmitter frequencies must be
significantly separated
– Hybrid
• insertion loss -3 dB per stage
• no restriction on transmitter
• frequencies
– Linear amplifier
– Linearity and intermodulation are
major design and operation issues

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 Generic Structure of Rxer
Antenna Rxer
IF
1
jumper
2
. Chanel Data/
PA X IF
. Encoder Signal
.
filter
N
feedline Multicoupler/ LO
RF Distributor
• Block diagram of Rxer varies depend on type of modulation, encoder, and/
or base band processing.
• Parameters to be considered are:
- frequency range
- dynamic range
- sensitivity
- distortion
- noise
- tuning speed
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 Receiver Components
• Antenna: to convert electromagnetic energy from atmosfer
electric energy and transfer it to feed line
• Feed line
= Connector

Jumper Cable Jumper

 Jumper to ease maintenance and installation

• Filter & Pre-Amplifier:

- Filter: to pass the wanted signal & attenuated the
interference  designed to work
according to the intended bands
- Pre-Amplifier is used to increased S/N of received
signals.
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 Receiver Components
• Multicoupler:
- used for RF distribution
- many signals/users can share the same receive antenna:
signal
#1
1:4 #2
Splitter #3
#4

RFin 1:4
Splitter

# 13
1:4 # 14
Splitter # 15
# 16
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 4 Basic Antenna System.


 Ground plane
G=2.14 dBi G=4 dBi
 
a. Dipole b. monopole

 Feed point conductor


dielectric


Ground plane

c. Loop d. Microstrip/ patch

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 Base Station Antenna.
• Use antenna with higher gain
• Could be omnidirectional or sectoral depending on cell type
• Collinear antenna:


4 Omnidirectional
Radiation
main lobe
Pattern

2
feeder
S
line boresight
 (elevation)
2
side lobe

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 Base Station Antenna.
• Log periodic dipole array (LPDA) Directional Radiation
Transmission Dipoles Pattern
line

- very wide BW, with constant SWR

- typical gain 10 dBi

• Yagi antenna
main lobe
Reflector Driven element (dipole) Directors

back lobe
- BW is smaller than LPDA side lobe main lobe
- typical gain 12 – 14 dB
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Antenna Downtilt

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Vertical Depression Angles

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Types Of Downtilt

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 Antenna Downtilt:
Reduce Interference

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Antenna Downtilt:
Avoid Overshoot

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 SWR of Antenna
Amplitude

Vmax

Vmin

• SWR = Vmax/Vmin, define the matching level between antenna and

feeder line
• Reflection coefficient:
SWR  1

SWR  1
where  represent a percent of reflected power defined
2

by:
 
Re turn Loss  10 log 
2

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 Performance Criteria of Antenna
• Antenna pattern, defined at azimuth and elevation orientation 
either omni or bidirectional antenna
• Main lobe & side lobe, the lower side lobe the better resistance to
interference
• Input impedance, usually complex matching input ipedance and
feeder line impedance is very critical to have maximum power
transfer from feeder to antenna
• Beamwidth, usually defined as angular separation where there is 3
dB reduction from bore-sight
• Directivity & Gain, is ratio of radiation intensity at wanted direction
and coverage radiation intensity over all direction
G   .D
• Bandwidth, define operating range of antenna, limited by SWR. A
typical BW is for SWR 1:1.2 at the band
 edge.
E
• Polarization, defined by orientation of

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 Performance Criteria of Antenna
• Front to Back Ratio, is ratio between main lobe & back
lobe, very impotant for directional antenna.
• Spatial diversity:

h 835
Rx2 Rx1 d x ( feet )
11 f
h
where f is in MHz

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 Antenna Installation
Tx Tx Rx2
d

Rx2 Rx1 d

a) Tower
Rx1

b) Roof Top, Edge of Building

c) Roof Top
sector 1 Rx1

Tx Rx2
d

d 2 Tx

Rx1 3 
Rx2
d) Wall Mounting
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 Antenna Installation Tolerance
• Apply to physical oriented & plumbness of its installation
• For omnidirectional antenna, it is unnecessary. But for directi-
onal antenna it is very critical
• Usually taken +/- 5% from antenna horizontal/azimuth pattern.

Table: Horizontal Antenna Tolerance

Azimuth/Horizontal Pattern Tolerance from Bore
Sight
110O +/- 5.5o
92O +/- 4.5o
60O +/- 3.0o
40O +/- 2.0o
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 Antenna Isolation

Tx 
x y
y Tx Rx

Rx

a. vertical b) horizontal c. slant

 y x 
VI  28  40 log  dB HI  22  20 log  dB SI  VI  HI   HI dB
  
o
90
where y   where x  10 where  slant angle

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