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Lecture 10
Lecture 10
10-1 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Shapes of Molecules
Molecular Shape
10-2
Figure 10.1
The steps in converting a molecular formula into a Lewis structure.
10-3
Molecular
formula
For NF3
Atom
placement
N 5e-
:
: F: : F:
:
Sum of N F 7e- x 3 = 21e-
valence e-
Total 26e-
: F:
:
Remaining
valence e-
Lewis
structure
10-4
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.1 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules with
One Central Atom
SOLUTION: Cl
Step 1: Carbon has the lowest EN and is the central atom. Cl C F
The F
Steps 2-4: C other
has 4atoms
valencearee-placed
, Cl andaround
F eachit.have 7. The
sum is 4 + 4(7) = 32 valence e-.
Cl
Make bonds and fill in remaining valence electrons Cl C F
:
placing 8e- around each atom. :Cl :
F
: :
: :
:Cl C F:
: F:
:
10-5
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.2 Writing Lewis Structure for Molecules with
More than One Central Atom
SOLUTION: Hydrogen can have only one bond so C and O must be next
to each other with H filling in the bonds.
There are 4(1) + 4 + 6 = 14 valence e-.
C has 4 bonds and O has 2. O has 2 pair of nonbonding e-.
H
H H
H C O H
: :
H C O H H C O H
H H
H
10-6
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.3 Writing Lewis Structures for Molecules with
Multiple Bonds
C C
H H H H
(b) N2 has 2(5) = 10 valence e-. Therefore, a triple bond is required to make
the octet around each N.
.: :. : :
N N
: :
N N N N
. . . .
10-7
Resonance: Delocalized Electron-Pair Bonding
B B
O3 can be drawn in 2 ways - O O
O O O O
A C A C
B B
O O O
O O O O O O
A C A C
Resonance structures have the same relative atom placement but a
difference in the locations of bonding and nonbonding electron pairs.
is used to indicate that resonance occurs.
10-8
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.4 Writing Resonance Structures
PLAN: After Steps 1-4, go to 5 and then see if other structures can be
drawn in which the electrons can be delocalized over more than
two atoms.
SOLUTION: Nitrate has 1(5) + 3(6) + 1 = 24 valence e-
O O O –
N does not have an
octet; a pair of e-
N N N will move in to form
O O O O O O a double bond.
– – –
O O O
N N N
O O O O O O
10-9
Formal Charge: Selecting the Best Resonance Structure
An atom “owns” all of its nonbonding electrons and half of its bonding electrons.
Formal charge is the charge an atom would have if the bonding electrons
were shared equally.
Formal charge of atom =
1
# of valence e ─ (# of unshared electrons +
-
# of shared electrons)
2
B
For OC
For OA O
O O # valence e- = 6
# valence e = 6
-
A C # nonbonding e- = 6
# nonbonding e = 4
-
For OB 1
1 # bonding e -
= 2 x =1
# bonding e- = 4 x =2 2
2 # valence e = 6
-
Formal charge = -1
Formal charge = 0
# nonbonding e- = 2
1
# bonding e- = 6 x =3
2
Formal charge = +1
10-10
Formal Charge: Selecting the Best Resonance Structure
(continued)
10-11
Formal Charge: Selecting the Best Resonance Structure
(continued)
EXAMPLE: NCO- has 3 possible resonance forms:
– – –
N C O N C O N C O
A B C
formal charges
-2 0 +1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1
N C O N C O N C O
Forms B and C have negative formal charges on N and O; this makes them
more preferred than form A.
Form C has a negative charge on O which is the more electronegative
element, therefore, C contributes the most to the resonance hybrid.
10-12
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.5 Writing Lewis Structures for Octet-Rule Exceptions
PROBLEM: Write Lewis structures for (a) H3PO4 (pick the most likely
structure); (b) BFCl2.
PLAN: Draw the Lewis structures for the molecule and determine if there is
an element which can be an exception to the octet rule. Note that
(a) contains P which is a Period-3 element and can have an
expanded valence shell.
SOLUTION: (a) H3PO4 has two resonance forms and formal charges
indicate the more important form.
-1
0
0 +1 0 0 (b) BFCl2 will have only 1
O O
Lewis structure.
0H O P O H 0 0 H O P O H 0
0 0 F
0
O 0 O
H H more stable B
Cl Cl
0 0
lower formal charges
10-13
VSEPR – Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory
AXmEn
integers
10-14
Figure 10.2
Electron-group repulsions and the five basic molecular shapes.
10-15
Figure 10.3
The single molecular shape of the linear electron-group arrangement.
10-16
Figure 10.4
The two molecular shapes of
the trigonal planar electron-
group arrangement.
10-17
Factors Affecting Actual Bond Angles
Bond angles are consistent with theoretical angles when the atoms
attached to the central atom are the same and when all electrons are
bonding electrons of the same order.
120o 122o
Effect of Double Bonds H larger EN H
120
o
C O 116o C O
ideal H H
greater
electron real
density
Effect of Nonbonding (Lone) Pairs
95o
10-18
Figure 10.5
The three molecular shapes of
the tetrahedral electron-group
arrangement.
10-19
Figure 10.6 Lewis structures and molecular shapes.
10-20
Figure 10.7
10-21
Figure 10.8
10-22
Figure 10.9 The steps in determining a molecular shape.
10-23
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.6 Predicting Molecular Shapes with Two, Three,
or Four Electron Groups
PROBLEM: Draw the molecular shape and predict the bond angles (relative
to the ideal angles) of (a) PF3 and (b) COCl2.
SOLUTION: (a) For PF3 - there are 26 valence electrons, 1 nonbonding pair
AX3E
10-24
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.6 Predicting Molecular Shapes with Two, Three,
or Four Electron Groups
continued
(b) For COCl2, C has the lowest EN and will be the center atom.
10-25
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.7 Predicting Molecular Shapes with Five or Six
Electron Groups
PROBLEM: Determine the molecular shape and predict the bond angles
(relative to the ideal angles) of (a) SbF5 and (b) BrF5.
F F
F F
(b) BrF5 - 42 valence e-; 5 bonding pairs and 1 nonbonding pair on central
atom. Shape is AX5E, square pyramidal.
F
F F
Br
F F
10-26
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.8 Predicting Molecular Shapes with More Than
One Central Atom
PLAN: Find the shape around one central atom at a time after writing
the Lewis structure.
10-27
Figure 10.10 The tetrahedral centers of ethane and of ethanol.
ethane ethanol
CH3CH3 CH3CH2OH
10-28
Figure 10.11 The orientation of polar molecules in an electric field.
10-29
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.9 Predicting the Polarity of Molecules
PLAN: Draw the shape, find the EN values and combine the concepts to
determine the polarity.
10-30
SAMPLE PROBLEM 10.9 Predicting the Polarity of Molecules
continued
(b) BF3 has 24 valence e- and all electrons around the B will be involved in
bonds. The shape is AX3, trigonal planar.
F (EN 4.0) is more electronegative
F than B (EN 2.0) and all of the dipoles
B F will be directed from B to F. Because
F 120o all are at the same angle and of the
same magnitude, the molecule is
nonpolar.
(c) COS is linear. C and S have the same EN (2.0) but the C=O bond is
quite polar (EN) so the molecule is polar overall.
S C O
10-31