Chapter 9

Models of Chemical Bonding

9-1 Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
 Models of Chemical Bonding

9.1 Atomic Properties and Chemical Bonds

9.2 The Ionic Bonding Model

9.3 The Covalent Bonding Model

9.4 Bond Energy and Chemical Change

9.5 Between the Extremes: Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

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 Figure 9.1 A general comparison of metals and nonmetals.

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 Types of Chemical Bonding

1. Metal with nonmetal:

electron transfer and ionic bonding

2. Nonmetal with nonmetal:

electron sharing and covalent bonding

3. Metal with metal:

electron pooling and metallic bonding

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 Figure 9.2 The three models of chemical bonding.

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 Lewis Electron-Dot Symbols

For main group elements -

The A group number gives the number of valence electrons.

Place one dot per valence electron on each of the four sides
of the element symbol.

Pair the dots (electrons) until all of the valence electrons are used.

Example:
Nitrogen, N, is in Group 5A and therefore, has 5 valence electrons.

. . .
:

:N . . N.
.
. N: . N.
. .

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Figure 9.4
Lewis electron-dot symbols for elements in Periods 2 and 3.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.1 Depicting Ion Formation

PROBLEM: Use partial orbital diagrams and Lewis symbols to depict the
formation of Na+ and O2- ions from the atoms, and determine
the formula of the compound the ions form.
PLAN: Draw orbital diagrams for the atoms and then move electrons to
make filled outer levels. It can be seen that two Na atoms are
needed for each O atom.

SOLUTION:

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Figure 9.5 Three ways to represent the formation of Li+ and F-
through electron transfer.

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 Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy
Coulomb’s law
charge A x charge B
Electrostatic force 
distance

energy = force x distance therefore,

cation charge x anion charge

Electrostatic energy  H0lattice
cation radius + anion radius

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Figure 9.7 Trends in lattice energy.

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 Figure 9.8 Electrostatic forces and the reason ionic compounds
crack.

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 Figure 9.9 Electrical conductance and ion mobility.

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9-14
 Figure 9.10 Covalent bond formation in H2.

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 Figure 9.11 Distribution of electron density of H2.

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9-17
 Figure 9.12 Bond length and covalent radius.

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9-19
 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.2 Comparing Bond Length and Bond Strength

PROBLEM: Without referring to Tables 9.2 and 9.3, rank the bonds in each
set in order of decreasing bond length and bond strength:

(a) S─F, S─Br, S─Cl (b) C = O, C─O, C O

PLAN: (a) The bond order is one for all and sulfur is bonded to halogens;
bond length should increase and bond strength should decrease
with increasing atomic radius. (b) The same two atoms are bonded
but the bond order changes; bond length decreases as bond order
increases while bond strength increases as bond order increases.

SOLUTION:
(a) Atomic size increases going down a group. (b) Using bond orders we get,

Bond length: S─Br > S─Cl > S─F Bond length: C─O > C = O > C O
Bond strength: S─F > S─Cl > S─Br Bond strength: C O > C = O > C─O

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Figure 9.13
Strong forces within molecules and weak forces between them.

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 Figure 9.14 Covalent bonds of network covalent solids.

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 Figure 9.15 The infrared (IR) spectra of 2-butanol (green) and diethyl
ether (red).

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 Figure 9.16 Using bond energies to calculate Horxn.

Horxn = Horeactant bonds broken + Hoproduct bonds formed

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Figure 9.17 Using bond energies to calculate Horxn of methane.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.3 Using Bond Energies to CalculateHorxn

PROBLEM: Calculate Horxn for the chlorination of methane to form

chloroform:
CH4(g) + 3Cl2(g) CHCl3(g) + 3HCl(g)

PLAN: Write the Lewis structures for all reactants and products and
calculate the number of bonds broken and formed.
SOLUTION:

H Cl
H C H + 3 Cl Cl H C Cl + 3 H Cl
H Cl

bonds broken bonds formed

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.3 Using Bond Energies to CalculateHorxn

continued

bonds broken bonds formed

4 x C─H = 4 mol(413 kJ/mol) = 1652 kJ 3 x C─Cl = 3 mol(-339 kJ/mol) = -1017 kJ
3 x Cl─Cl = 3 mol(243 kJ/mol) = 729 kJ 1 x C─H = 1 mol(-413 kJ/mol) = -413 kJ

Hobonds broken = 2381 kJ 3 x H─Cl = 3 mol(-427 kJ/mol) = -1281 kJ

Hobonds formed = -2711 kJ

Horxn = ΣHobonds broken + ΣHobonds formed = 2381 kJ + (-2711 kJ) = - 330 kJ

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 Figure 9.19 The Pauling electronegativity (EN) scale.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 9.4 Determining Bond Polarity from EN Values

PROBLEM: (a) Use a polar arrow to indicate the polarity of each bond: N
—H , F—N, I—Cl.
(b) Rank the following bonds in order of increasing polarity:
H—N, H—O, H—C.

PLAN: (a) Use Figure 9.19 to find EN values; the arrow should point
toward the negative end.
(b) Polarity increases across a period.

SOLUTION: (a) The EN of N = 3.0, H = 2.1; F = 4.0; I = 2.5, Cl = 3.0

N-H F-N I - Cl

(b) The order of increasing EN is C < N < O; all have an EN

larger than that of H.
H─C < H─N < H─O

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 Figure 9.20 Electron density distributions in H2, F2, and HF.

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 Figure 9.21 The ionic character of chemical bonds.

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 Figure 9.22 Properties of the Period 3 chlorides.

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