ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE &

EXPERT SYSTEM
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• Artificial intelligence (AI) is an area of computer science that emphasizes the creation
of intelligent machines that work and react like humans.
• In a simple language AI is a technology to make machines process or respond data in
human like ways.
• Artificial intelligence is a theory and development of computer systems that can perform
tasks that normally require human intelligence. Speech recognition, decision-
making, visual perception, for example, are features of human intelligence that artificial
intelligence may possess. Translation between languages is another feature.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Artificial Intelligence can be categorized as either weak or strong.
• Weak AI, also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained for a
single or particular task, they lack the self-awareness, consciousness to perform
Intelligent tasks.
 Examples are Speech Recognition ( can only recognize speech ), Voice Assistants,
Virtual personal assistants, such as Apple's Siri.
• Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized
human cognitive abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is
able to find a solution without human intervention. They are self-aware and conscious to
take decisions. Unlike narrow AI , it can learn and improve itself to perform various tasks.
 Examples are AlphaGo and similar computer games.
TYPES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Based on functionalities there are 4 types:
• Reactive Machines: Reactive Artificial Intelligence is one of the basic forms of AI. They don’t have
past memory or historic data to use and to make current decisions. Such machines work on the
present, to perform a task that is right in front of them.  
 Example: Deep blue, IBM’’s chess playing computer and AlphaGo
• Limited Memory: These AI systems can use past experiences to take future decisions. As the name
suggests they have limited memory or short-lived memory. 
 Example: self-driving cars
• Theory of Mind AI: Simply thinking like a human. This type of AI understands emotions and thoughts
which affect human behavior and is able to interact socially. This type  can deal with feelings, motives,
intentions and expectations.
 Has yet to build completely. We can say it as next class of Intelligence.
• Self-Aware AI: In this type of artificial intelligence the machines are self-conscious, and self-aware
like humans. An extension of Theory of Mind, they are aware of there internal states, can predict the
feelings of others, can make abstraction and inferences. They are the future generations of
machines: super intelligent, conscious and sentient. This can be a future of robots
THERE ARE MANY WAYS AI CAN BE ACHIEVED SOME OF THEM ARE AS
FOLLOWS:
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
• Expert systems: It is a computer program designed to act as an expert in a particular domain
(area of expertise).
• Machine Learning (ML): It is a method where the target(goal) is defined and the steps to
reach that target is learned by the machine itself by training (gaining experience)
• Natural Language processing (NLP): Natural Language Processing is broadly defined as
the automatic manipulation of natural language, like speech and text, by software. One of the
well-known examples of this is email spam detection as we can see how it has improved in
our mail system.
• Speech Recognition: The goal of speech recognition is to allow computers to understand
human speech. So that they can hear our voices and recognize the words we are speaking.
• Computer Vision: The goal of computer vision is to give computers the powerful facility to
understand what they see through attached cameras e.g. face recognition
• Robotics: A robot is an electro-mechanical device that can be programmed to perform variety
of tasks that are difficult for humans to perform or perform consistently. They have some kind
of sensory apparatus that allows it to respond to its environment.
• Autonomous Vehicles: This area of AI has gathered a lot of attention. The list of vehicles
includes cars, buses, trucks, trains, ships, submarines, and autopilot flying drones etc.
APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and reducing costs. Companies
are applying machine learning to make better and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the  best
known healthcare technologies is IBM Watson. It understands natural language and is capable of
responding to questions asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to
form a hypothesis.
• AI in business. Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive tasks normally
performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into analytics and  CRM
platforms to uncover information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have been incorporated
into websites to provide immediate service to customers.
• AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. AI tutors can provide additional
support to students, ensuring they stay on track.
• AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Mint or Turbo Tax, is disrupting financial
institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and provide financial advice. Other
programs have been applied to the process of buying a home. Today, software  performs much of the
trading on Wall Street.
• AI in manufacturing. This is an area that has been at the forefront of incorporating robots into
the workflow. Industrial robots are used to perform single tasks and were separated from human
workers.
 EXPERT SYSTEM
• An expert system is a computer program that uses artificial intelligence technologies to
simulate the judgment and behavior of a human that has expert knowledge and
experience in a particular field.
OR
• Expert system is an artificial intelligence program that has expert-level knowledge about a
particular domain and knows how to use its knowledge to respond properly. Domain
refers to the area within which the task is being performed. Ideally the expert systems
should substitute a human expert.
• Expert system can support either operations or management activities.
• Purpose of Expert Systems
 The main purpose of ES is to replicate knowledge and skills of human experts in a
particular area, and then to use this knowledge to solve similar problems without human
experts participation.
EXAMPLES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Following are examples of Expert Systems

• MYCIN: It was based on backward chaining and could identify various bacteria that could
cause acute infections. It could also recommend drugs based on the patient's weight.
• DENDRAL: Expert system used for chemical analysis to predict molecular structure.
• PXDES: Expert system used to predict the degree and type of lung cancer
• CaDet: Expert system that could identify cancer at early stages
 COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

Expert system takes questions from the user, searches its knowledge base for
facts and rules, explains its reasoning process and gives expert advice to the
user in the subject area being explored.
 COMPONENTS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

The expert System consists of the following given components:

• User Interface: The user interface is the most crucial part of the expert system. This
component takes the user's query in a readable form and passes it to the inference
engine. After that, it displays the results to the user. In other words, it's an interface that
helps the user communicate with the expert system.
• Inference Engine: The inference engine is the brain of the expert system. Inference
engine contains rules to solve a specific problem. It refers the knowledge from the
Knowledge Base. It selects facts and rules to apply when trying to answer the user's
query. It provides reasoning about the information in the knowledge base. It also helps in
deducting the problem to find the solution. This component is also helpful for formulating
conclusions.
• Knowledge Base: The knowledge base is a repository of facts. It stores all the knowledge
about the problem domain. It is like a large container of knowledge which is obtained from
different experts of a specific field.
• Thus we can say that the success of the Expert System mainly depends on the highly
accurate and precise knowledge.
PARTICIPANT IN EXPERT SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT

Participant Role

Domain Expert He is a person or group whose expertise

and knowledge is taken to develop an
expert system.
Knowledge Engineer Knowledge engineer is a technical person
who integrates knowledge into computer
systems.
End User It is a person or group of people who are
using the expert system to get to get
advice which will not be provided by the
expert.
 DESIGNING AN EXPERT SYSTEM

• There are three stages in designing an Expert System:

• Knowledge acquisition: the process of getting the knowledge from experts (by
interviewing and/or observing human experts, reading specific books, etc.).
• Knowledge representation: selecting the most appropriate structures to represent the
knowledge.
• Knowledge validation: testing that the knowledge of ES is correct and complete.

The whole process is called knowledge engineering.

 DESIGNING AN EXPERT SYSTEM

• Determining the characteristics of the problem

• Knowledge engineer and domain expert work in coherence to define the problem
• The knowledge engineer translates the knowledge into a computer-understandable
language. He designs an inference engine, a reasoning structure, which can use
knowledge when needed.
• Knowledge Expert also determines how to integrate the use of uncertain knowledge in the
reasoning process and what type of explanation would be useful.
 APPLICATION OF EXPERT SYSTEM

Application Description
Design Domain Camera lens design, automobile design.

Diagnosis Systems to deduce cause of disease from observed data,

Medical Domain conduction medical operations on humans.

Comparing data continuously with observed system or with prescribed

Monitoring Systems behavior such as leakage monitoring in long petroleum pipeline.

Process Control Systems Controlling a physical process based on monitoring.

Finding out faults in vehicles, computers.

Knowledge Domain

Detection of possible fraud, suspicious transactions, stock market

Finance/Commerce trading, Airline scheduling, cargo scheduling.
CHARACTERISTICS OF EXPERT SYSTEMS

• High performance: They should perform at the level of a human expert.

• Adequate response time: They should have the ability to respond in a reasonable amount
of time. Time is crucial especially for real time systems.
• Reliability: They must be reliable and should not crash.
• Understandable: They should not be a black box instead it should be able explain the
steps of the reasoning process. It should justify its conclusions in the same way a human
expert explains why he arrived at particular conclusion.
ADVANTAGES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS
• Availability: Expert systems are available easily due to mass production software.
• Cheaper: The cost of providing expertise is not expensive.
• Reduced danger: They can be used in any risky environments where humans cannot work
with.
• Permanence: The knowledge will last long indefinitely.
• Multiple expertise: It can be designed to have knowledge of many experts.
• Explanation: They are capable of explaining in detail the reasoning that led to a
conclusion.
• Fast response: They can respond at great speed due to the inherent advantages of
computers over humans.
• Unemotional and response at all times: Unlike humans, they do not get tense, fatigue or
panic and work steadily during emergency situations.
DISADVANTAGES OF EXPERT SYSTEMS
• No common sense used in making decisions
• Lack of creative responses that human experts are capable of
• Not capable of explaining the logic and reasoning behind a decision
• It is not easy to automate complex processes
• There is no flexibility and ability to adapt to changing environments
• Not able to recognize when there is no answer