Valve gear and valve timing

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 Internal Combustion (IC) Engine is one kind of Heat Engine
which is used to convert the Chemical Energy of fuel into Thermal
Energy (Heat) and then to Mechanical Energy (Power).
IC Engines

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Mechanisms Systems
•Crank-Gear
• Starting , Intake, Fuel, Ignition
(for SI Engines)
• Valve-Gear
• Exhaust, Charging,
•The two are connected by Lubrication
means of a Drive (Timing
• Cooling
Belt, Gear or Chain).

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1. Crank-Gear-Mechanism

The CGM is used to convert ‘Thermal Energy of

combustion into ‘Mechanical Energy .

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2.Valve-Gear-Mechanism (VGM) of IC Engine

The VGM is used to open and close (actuate) the Intake (In.)
and Exhaust (Ex.) valves at the right time with respect to the
position of the crankshaft ().

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Drives (Gear, Chain or Belt)

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 VALVE TRAIN
CONSTRUCTION
Valve construction
Valve seal construction
Valve spring construction
Valve spring shim
Valve retainers and keepers
Valve spring seat
Valve rotators
Valve stem cap

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Valve Train Components
Valve train
components will
vary depending on
the type of head
configuration.
OHV, SOHC or
DOHC

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Overhead Valve Engines
Has valves in cylinder
head increasing
compression.
Camshaft still in block.
Uses lifters, pushrods
and rocker arms.
Most common head
design until 1990’s.

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 Single Overhead Cam
(OHC)/(SOHC)
Single cam mounted
in head.
Opens both intake
and exhaust valves.
One cam on an
inline engine and
two cams on a vee
engine.

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Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)

Camshafts mounted in
cylinder head.
One cam opens intake
valves and one opens
exhaust valves.
Often used with 4
valves per cylinder.
Most high performance
of all types.
Vee engines have 4
cams.

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DOHC

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 Camshafts
Opens the valves at the
right time.
Actually converts rotary
motion to reciprocating
motion.
Uses a cam lobe for each
valve.
Usually made of cast iron.
Has a great effect on
engine performance.
Can be given auxiliary
functions like running the
oil pump or distributor.
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Valve spring assembly

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 CAMSHAFT
CONSTRUCTION
Cam lobes
Camshaft thrust
plate
Cam bearings
Cam housing and
cam cover

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 Cam Lobe Terminology
Heel as known as
the base circle.
Nose is the tip of
the lobe which
determines cam lift.
Opening and
closing flanks and
ramps.
Timing points are
where the cam
starts to open and
close the valve.

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Cam Lobe Lift
The distance the
valve is pushed
open.
It is determined by
the height of the
lobe.

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 Cam Duration

This chart is in
degrees of
crankshaft rotation.
Note when the
valves open and
close and on which
strokes. This is the
duration.
It’s not what it may
seem to be!

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 Camshaft Drives
Gear on gear
Gear and chain
Belt and notched
pulley
Cam gear ALWAYS
is twice as large as
the crank gear, this
makes the cam turn

at ½ the
speed of the crank.

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 Gear to Gear Drive
Simplest drive
system.
Reliable and strong
but noisy.
Reverses Direction
of Power 2 times
CW>CCW>CW

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Gear and Chain Drive
Quieter the gear
types.
Allows cam to be
further away from
crankshaft.

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 Timing Belt

Used primarily on
overhead cam engines.
Uses a kevlar belt.
 (police vests)
Can snap or stretch
causing catastrophic
damage to non-free
running engines.
Chains remain more
popular with engine
makers.

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VALVE OPERATION

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http://www.howstuffworks.com/engine-cam.htm
Valve timing Diagram SI

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 VALVE LIFTERS
Solid Lifters
Roller Lifters
Hydraulic Lifters
Followers

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SOLID LIFTERS

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ROLLER LIFTERS

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HYDRAULIC LIFTERS

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FOLLOWERS
ohc

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Valve Lifters

Also known as cam

followers or tappets.
Come in three
types: ****
Mechanical or solid.
Hydraulic.
Roller (which can be
hydraulic or solid).

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 PUSH ROD
CONSTRUCTION
Hollow tube
Steel
Vary in length
Fit between Lifter
and rocker arm

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 Pushrods
Metal rod which transfers force from the lifter to the
rocker arm.

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 ROCKER ARM
CONSTRUCTION

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 Rocker Arms

Rocker arms are

made of stamped
steel, cast iron or
aluminum.
They transmit the
force of the pushrod
to the valve.
Some have
adjusters.

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 Rocker Arms
Roller- Stamped
Adjuster Cast

Pivot

Stamped

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 Valves

Called mushroom or
poppet valves.
Made of high quality
steel.
The exhaust valve has
one of the toughest jobs
in the engine having to
withstand temperatures
of 1300 degrees F.

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Valve Overlap

This is when the

intake and exhaust
valve are open at
the same time.
It doesn’t seem right
but it works.

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