Ministry of Higher Education of Scientific Research

University of Algiers 1 Ben youcef BENKHADDA

Faculty of Sciences
Department of nature and life science
Master 1: Biodiversity and Environment

Project work about

Geneticaly modified Food
Submitted to: M. MAHJOUB
Submitted by:
SAI RADJAA
SAIDI Soumya
TERKEMANI Abir
OUMERANE Laytmas

Lab File: 2019/2020

 INDEX
Introduction
1. Historical of Geneticaly modified Food
2. Definition of Geneticaly modified Food
3. The goal of Food Geneticaly modified
4. World distribution of geneticaly modified foods
5. Example of geneticaly modified plants
6. Example of geneticaly modified animals
7. Advantges and disadvantages of geneticaly modified
foods
Conclusion
Bibliography
 Introduction

veral centuries ago, when people started domesticating crops and animals,
gan selecting better plants for cultivation and better animals for bree
tially unknow – ingly and later intentionnally. Over thousands of years, fa
veloped plants with desirable traits, such as increased resistance to did
ger fruit, and greater nutritional content.
entific discoveries and technological advances have continuously imp
riculture.
 1. Historical of Geneticaly modified Food

 Human- directed genetic manipulation of Food began with the domestication of

plants and animals through artificial selection.
 The first Geneticaly modofied Food for release was the Flavr Savr tomato in 1994.
China was the first country to commercialize a transgenic crops in 1993 with the
introduction of virus resistant tobacco.
The first geneticaly modified animals to be Approved for Food use was Salmon in
2015.
The Salmon were transforemed with a growth Hormone regulation gene, enabling it
to grow year -round instead of only during spring and summer.
2- Definition of geneticaly modified Food

Geneticaly modified foods can be definied as organisms ( plants

or animals) in which the genetic material (DNA) has been
altered in a way that does not accur naturally by mating and/or
natural recombination.
GM stands for «  genetic modification » or « geneticaly
modified » .
It ‘s the process of altering the genes of a living things.
3- The goal of Food geneticaly modified

Most existing geneticaly modified crops

have been developed to improve yield,
through the introduction of resistance to
plant diseases or of increassed tolerance
of herbicides.
 4-world distribution
of
Genetically Modified Foods
 The USA led the biotech crop
planting in 2018 at 75 million
hectares, followed by Brazil
(51.3 million hectares),
Argentina (23.9 million
hectare), Canada (12.7 million
hectares), and India (11.6
million hectares) for a total of
174.5 million hectares,
representing 91% of the global
area. Thus, biotechnology
benefitted more than 1.95
billion people in the five
countries or 26% of the current
world population of 7.7 billion.

Figure 1. Global Map of Biotech Crop

Countries and Mega-Countries in 2018
 5-Examples of
Genetically Modified Plants
The different stages of obtaining a GMP variety:

A) In vitro: introduction of a gene of

interest into plant cells using the
bacterium Agrobacterium
tumefaciens, calluses form and they give
rise to plants.
B) In the greenhouse: cultivation of
plants after transformation.
C) Molecular and biochemical
characterization of the transformed
plants.
D) Cultivation and evaluation of the
agronomic value of the plant.
E) Crossbreeding with a commercial
line.
F) Obtaining a GM plant.
Although in the U.S. genetically engineered versions of 19 plant
species have been approved, only eight GM crop species are grown
commercially . Because several of them are major crops, the area
planted to GM varieties is very large. Most current GM crops have
been engineered for resistance to insects, tolerance to herbicides
(weed control products) or both.
Figure : Currently grown GM crops in the U.S., traits for which they are modified, and
percent of total acreage of the crop that is planted to GM varieties. IR=insect
resistant, HT=herbicide tolerant, DT=drought tolerant, VR=virus resistant.
1- Cotton:

Genetically engineered cotton is currently grown on 25 million hectares

around the world, mostly in India, China, Pakistan and the US. Other
countries growing significantly smaller amounts of GM cotton are South
Africa, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Columbia and
Mexico.
GM cotton is engineered with one of two traits. One makes it resistant to
glyphosate-based herbicides such as Monsanto’s Roundup, while the other
stimulates the plant to produce a toxin that kills the bollworm, one of the
crop’s primary pests. This pest-resistant cotton is engineered with a gene
from the bacteria Bacillus thurengiensis or “Bt”, and is the more commonly
grown of the two types.
2-Sugar beet

The sugar beet has been genetically modified to be resistant to

Monsanto’s glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup. The GM trait is
currently applied to white sugar beet that are grown for processing
into sugar and it is not applied to red table beets.

Sugar beets are wind pollinated, and there is a possibility that

pollen from GM sugar beets could contaminate non-GM sugar beets
as well as chard, and red and yellow beets (or “table beets”).
6-Examples for animals genetically

modified
GM salmon sold in Canada
 GM salmon sold in Canada

The transgenic salmon developed by AquaBounty Technologies has been

modified to grow four times faster than its non-transgenic version. After

legal and regulatory events that lasted nearly 20 years, it was finally

authorized for human consumption in the United States on November 19,

2015. But a few months later, in late January 2016, the United States

suspended authorization "Until the FDA publishes labeling guidelines to

inform end consumers" .This suspension may seem quite surprising. In

fact, in the United States, until now, no GM product has to be subject to

specific labeling.
 GM salmon sold in Canada
In Canada, the sale of this salmon and the production of eggs are
permitted on Prince Edward Island, but not farming. These eggs are
sent to Panama, the only country in the world that has authorized the
breeding of transgenic salmon. Likewise, the US authorization "does
not allow this salmon to be designed and raised in the United States", a
restriction that speaks volumes.

In 2017, for the first time, this salmon was sold in Canada. these five
tonnes of transgenic salmon fillets brought the company $ 53,300. This
is the first commercialization of a transgenic animal intended for
human consumption.  
 GM salmon sold in Canada

Salmon modified
Size : 61 cm Salmon no
weight : 3 kg modified
Size : 33 cm
weight : 1.3 kg

The two fish have 18 month

The Cow GM
 The Cow GM
In the cow, several modifications have been made in order to change the
composition of its milk or to increase its production. For example, it is
possible to lower the lactose content, which causes intolerance in some
consumers. To facilitate the production of cheese, the casein content can
be increased. Other changes are aimed at increasing omega-3s, which
are considered beneficial for health. Transgenesis also allows the
production of anti-bacterial proteins in the mammary glands of cows,
there by reducing the use of antibiotics to prevent mastitis (udder
infections).
7-Advantages of Genetically
Modified Foods
 1. Insect Resistance :

Some GM foods have been modified to make them more resistant to insects and other
pests.
Resistant pest GM crops as cotton and maize, have been genetically modified so they
become toxic to certain insects. They are often called Bt crops because the introduced
genes were originally identified in a bacterial Bacillus thuringiensis.
2. Stronger Crops :

another benefit of the GM technology is the crops resistance to the weather extremes
and fluctuations, salty soil and groundwater, long periods of drought
For exmple :
scientists have developed a new type of tomato that grows in salty soil
3. Decreased Use of Pesticides:

It has been proven that genetically modified crops do not need pesticides to become
stronger against various or any types of insects and pests that may destroy them.

4.New Products:

New kinds of crops are being developed to be grown at extreme climates,. As an

example:
they have designed two new varieties of apple that turn less brown when cut or
bruised .
Another good discovery in genetic engineering of plants is the exclusion of the gene
responsible for caffeine in coffee beans, creating decaffeinated coffee beans, which can
then be grown naturally.
Disadvantages of Genetically Modified
Foods:
1. Allergic Reactions :

genetically modified foods can pose significant allergy risks to people. It says that
genetic modification often adds or mixes proteins that were not indigenous to the
original animal or plant, In some cases, proteins from organisms that you are allergic to
might be added to organisms that you were not originally allergic to.
2. Cross-Pollination :

New genes can be included in the offspring of organic, traditional plants or crops that are
miles away . This can result a difficult distinguishing , which crop fields are organic and
which are not .

3. Not 100% Environmentally Friendly:

The GM foods actually still contain several kinds of substances that are not yet proven to
be such.
4. Not Totally Safe to Eat:
It is proven by scientific studies that GM foods contain substances that may cause
diseases and even death to several kinds of species in this world, including us humans.
 conclusion

Genetically modified foods can potentially solve many

hunger and malnutrition problems in the world, as well as
help protect and preserve the environment by increasing
yields and reducing reliance upon chemical pesticides and
herbicides. However, it is important to proceed with
caution to avoid unfavorable consequences for the
surroundings and our health, considering that genetic
engineering technology is very powerful.
 Bibliography

•https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/54/executivesummary/defa
ult.asp

•https://www.dev.scienceenlivre.org/index.php/2017/07/29/les-plantes-genetique
ment-modifiees-pgm/
•file:///C:/Users/ADMIN/Documents/Genetically%20modified%20foods.pdf
•file:///C:/Users/ADMIN/Documents/Genetically-Modified-Foods-Benefits-and-
Risks.pdf

•https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-m
odified-food/fr/
https://www.gettyimages.fr/detail/photo/laboratory-image-libre-de-droits/64153
5206?adppopup=true

•https://connectusfund.org/27-big-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-genetically-
modified-foods?fbclid=IwAR0cIeoENQxHzGrn5--Cy681bXfD21oTSflxOef91
siA1rYlShzsR2_hIvw