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STS Topic 1 3
STS Topic 1 3
STS Topic 1 3
Echague, Isabela
College of Arts and Sciences
GEC 6
Science, Technology
and Society
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Table of Contents
Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Chapter 1: The Nature and Relationships of Science, Technology and Society--------------3-6
Chapter 1.1.2 Characteristics of Science & Technology :Scientific Method------------------7-9
Chapter 1.1.3 Characteristics of Science & Technology: Scientific Traits and Values-----10
Chapter 1.2 History of Science and Technology -------------------------------------------------15-25
Chapter 1.3 Intellectual Revolutions --------------------------------------------------------------26-33
Chapter 1.4 . Science and Technology and Nation Building-----------------------------------34-39
Chapter 2. Recent Advances and Trends in Science and Technology ------------------------40
Chapter 2.1 The Information Age -------------------------------------------------------------------41-44
Chapter 2.2 The Nano World ------------------------------------------------------------------------45- 49
Chapter 2.3 Biodiversity and the Healthy Society-----------------------------------------------50- 60
Chapter 2.4 Biotechnology--------------------------------------------------------------------------61-85
Chapter 2.6 Gene Therapy--------------------------------------------------------------------------86-88
Chapter 2.7 Climate Change and the Energy Crisis --------------------------------------------89-96
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Introduction
In this module we are going to deal with the interactions between science
and technology and social, cultural, political, and economic contexts that shape
and are shaped by them.
This interdisciplinary course will push you to confront the realities brought
about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal,
the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human
development.
At the end of this module you are expected to have sufficient knowledge on
the impacts of science and technology, specifically in the Philippine society;
explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its
role in in nation-building; analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect
and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to you as a part of
society; and define and demonstrate the impact of social media on your life and
Philippine society in general.
It is also anticipated that at the end of this module you will imbibe the
importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and
the development of the Filipino nation; examine shared concerns that make up
the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to
contemporary issues guided by ethical standards; and lastly, illustrate how the
social media and information age impact your life and the understanding of
climate change.
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Chapter 1: The Nature and Relationships of
Science, Technology and Society
From the ancient past to the modern present, the significant contribution and
effects of science and technology to the society is traceable. As Russel (2016 ) said,
we are in the middle of race where we struggle between the advantages and
disadvantages brought about science. Look at the clothes that you are wearing. Think
of the ways by which you get your food. Look at your home. These things prove how
science and technology affects our lives. Science and technology are very important to
humans. It affects the way we live. Our lives are more comfortable because of
electricity and appliances that help us do our work.
Learning Outcomes:
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Chapter 1: The Nature and Relationships of Science,
Technology and Society
DEFINITIONS OF SCIENCE
1. SCIENCE IS A PROCESS
Science is our most effective way of understanding the natural world. All science
involves some form of observation or experiment, and some sort of theorizing about
how to explain the evidence collected. Clearly, science is a product of human
curiosity.
Why are we curious?
It is almost an instinct for us humans to try to understand what our senses
perceived because of our highly developed mental skills. These are the mental skills to
observe, infer, measure, classify, experiment, and to communicate. Through the ages, our
ancestors learned to use these skills in a methodical manner to investigate the ‘how,’ the
‘why,’ and the ‘when’ of natural events. This methodical manner to our mental skills to
satisfy human curiosity is the scientific method.
What sets the limitation of science?
Science is a product of the human senses and the human mind and that is why
there could be no science in the absence of an intelligent being like a human or any other
intelligent creature like him. And therein lies the limitation of science; the limitation of the
human senses and the limitation of the human mind. We cannot investigate what our
senses cannot perceive, and we cannot explain beyond what our human mind can
understand. As a matter of fact, the optical and the electron microscope, the optical and
radio telescopes, and all the other new scientific instruments are but the result of our
attempts to extend our sense of perception.
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Chapter 1: The Nature and Relationships of Science,
Technology and Society
What is Technology?
The world technology is believed to be Greek in origin. It is derived from “techne” which
means art, and “technologia” which literally means systematic treatment. Many people regard
technology as simply applied science. In their view, scientists produce knowledge and then
technologists turn it into important products and devices, such as computers and spacecraft.
1. Scribner-Bantan English Dictionary (1979) – technology is defined as (1) science of industrial
arts and manufacture; (2) applied science; (3) all the means employed by a social group for
material comforts.
2. Posadas (1982) – defined technology as the system of know-how, skills, techniques and
processes which enable societies to produce, distribute, install, maintain or improve goods and
services need to satisfy human needs.
3. Bridgstock (1998) - technology as a body of skills and knowledge by which we control and
modify the world
DEFINITIONS OF TECHNOLOGY
On the same view, technology is defined as both a PROCESS and a PRODUCT
1. TECHNOLOGY AS A PROCESS
a. It is the application of science.
b. The practice, description, and terminology of applied sciences.
c. The intelligent organization and manipulation of materials for useful purposes.
d. The means employed to provide for human needs and wants.
e. Focused on inventing new or better tools and materials or new and better ways of doing things.
f. A way of using findings of science to produce new things for a better way of living.
g. Search for concrete solutions that work and give wanted results.
h. It is characteristically calculative and imitative, tends to be dangerously manipulative.
i. Form of human cultural activity.
2. TECHNOLOGY AS A PRODUCT
a. A system of know-how, skills, techniques and processes.
b. It is like a language, rituals, values, commerce and arts, it is an intrinsic part of a cultural
system and it both shapes and reflects the system values.
c. It is the product of the scientific concept.
d. The complex combination of knowledge, materials and methods.
e. Material products of human making or fabrication.
f. Total societal enterprise.
Technology is any activity and/or product thereof that tends to increase man’s chances of
survival.
Is technology a part of science? The little we understood about nature we were able to use to
develop technologies that enabled us to survive and progress; and to be the most dominant
animal species on earth. But technology is not science. Science only seeks to understand nature,
no more no less; technology is but the application of what science has discovered, for better for
worst. That is why usefulness is not a prerequisite to the generation of knowledge; on the
contrary, usefulness is the primary prerequisite to the generation of technology.
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Chapter 1: The Nature and Relationships of Science,
Technology and Society
What is Society?
According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary, a society is an aggregate of people living
together in a more or less ordered community. It is a community of people living in a
particular country or region and having shared customs, laws, and organizations.
Relationships of Science, Technology and Society
What is STS?
Science-Technology-Society (STS) education addresses the need for a more scientifically and
technologically literate citizenry in such a way that will enable our future citizens to make
informed and responsible decision which will not only affect their own lives but the
sustainability of the planet Earth as we know it.
Importance of STS
Most people would agree that science and technology are of great importance in the
world today. It is equally clear that science can alter our entire conception of ourselves and
our place in the universe. The most famous instance of this was the series of events known as
the Scientific Revolution. During this turbulent time in the sixteenth and seventeenth
centuries, Galileo and other scientists began to argue that the Earth was not at the center of
the universe, but whirled on its own axis, and orbited around the Sun.
DEFINITIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. A field of endeavor upon which a two-way interaction operates between science and
technology.
2. Interdependent and overlapping methods which employ both existing knowledge and
existing know-how.
3. A system of know-how, skills, techniques and processes which enable society to produce,
distribute, install, maintain or improve goods and services needed to satisfy human needs.
4. Is an interdisciplinary field of study that seeks to explore and understand the many ways
that modern science and technology shape modern culture, values and institutions, and how
modern values shape science and technology.
PURPOSES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
1. To improve quality of human condition.
2. To provide solution to our practical problems.
3. To establish relevant institutional linkages and essential mechanisms
4. To develop individual knowledge.
5. To find order in the chaos of nature and deliver personal and social liberation
6. To give an information and explanation of the natural world
7. To develop new areas of knowledge
8. To combat irrationality.
9. To maintain the availability of natural resources
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Chapter 1: The Nature and Relationships of Science,
Technology and Society
RELATIONSHIPS OF STS
STS
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Chapter 1.1.b Characteristics of Science & Technology
Scientific Method
Scientific method
- The prefix "super" means "above." So supernatural means "above (or beyond) the natural." The
toolbox of a scientist contains only the natural laws of the universe; supernatural questions are
outside their reach.
- Man has the inherent capacity to observe the things around him. Careful observation could make
one recognize that there is a problem or a phenomenon that is worthy of further attention and
study. After initial observations, details not previously observed can be determined using
instrumentation. Search and review of related literature (books, scientific journals, online sources,
etc.) should also be undertaken to learn more about the problem.
- Scientists use generalizations to come up with a hypothesis, which is an intelligent guess that is a
possible explanation for a natural event. The hypothesis is presented as an actual statement and
must be testable.
- In the development and proving of hypotheses, scientists use inductive and deductive logic
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3. Testing of Hypothesis (Experimentation and Conduct of Further Observations)
- In this phase, the scientist uses deductive reasoning involving the “if, then” logic. Foresight or the
capability to predict what will happen next is necessary to guide the scientist on how to go about
his experiment. The scientist must come up with an experimental design that will make him
generate meaningful results. Usually a “control” or “control group” is set up side by side with
the experimental group. This contains all components and undergoes all parts of the experiment
except for the factor being tested.
- In any experiment, we can really only test one thing at a time. So we try to control all the variables
except one that we will change.
- Independent variable = the variable that you change during the experiment
- Dependent variable = the variable that you observe changes in (depends on the
independent variable)
4. Experimentation
- Your experiment tests whether your hypothesis is true or false.
- It is important that the test is fair:
- You change ONLY ONE variable at a time, keeping all others the same (constant).
- You should repeat your experiment several times to make sure your results weren’t just an
accident.
- Good precision = at least 3 trials
5. Drawing of Conclusion (Analysis of Data to Determine whether the Hypothesis is Supported or Not,
Publication of Results)
- Data are results of the experiment which may lead one to accept or reject the hypothesis initially
formulated. These should be observable and objective. Mathematical data are usually presented
in tabulated and graphical forms and may require statistical analysis to confirm validity or
significance.
- A conclusion is the answer to the problem and based on a supported hypothesis. Science is a
progressive process such that the conclusion of one experiment can lead to the hypothesis for
another experiment. The results that do not support the hypothesis may be used by scientists to
formulate another hypothesis to be tested.
- Conclusions from many different but related experiments may lead to the development of a
Scientific Theory, a general concept about the natural world.
- A theory, therefore, is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly and extensively tested and always
found to be true. However, no theory in science is ever absolutely and finally proven. Scientists
should be ready to alter or even abandon their most cherished generalizations when new facts
contradict them (Keeton and McFadden, 1983).
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Chapter 1.1.c Characteristics of Science & Technology
Scientific Processes
Scientific Processes
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Chapter 1.1.c Characteristics of Science & Technology
Scientific Traits and Values
Intellectual Honesty
- This attitude allows a scientist to recognize the work done by other scientists
before him. This attitude is also shown by reporting data truthfully.
Open Mindedness
- A scientist is open minded. Open-mindedness is an attitude that allows a
scientist to look at other possibilities.
- Evaluate, validate and accept other people’s idea towards a question.
Curiosity
- This attitude/quality-curiosity-enables a scientist to try to discover more about
the things around him.
Objectivity
- A scientist must be objective in declaring results of his/her experiments and
Judgment is based on observable phenomena and not influenced by emotions or
personal prejudices
Precision
- A scientist must always consider the precision of his work if it forms a pattern or
repeatedly occurring in nature. Lack of precision to a work would mean
inconsistency.
Objectivity
- The moral, social and personal responsibility and accountability of a scientist to
all of his works must be observed.
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