• Direct & Indirect Narration

Change in words

• Now into then this into that

• These into those here into there
• Thus into so it into that
• Ago into before today into that day
• Tomorrow into next day
• Next day into the following day
• Yesterday into the previous day
• Will/ shall into would
• May into might Said M-ICAF 1
 1. Assertive sentences
• she said to him, ‘I do my duty.’
she told him that she did her duty.
• He said, ‘Ali will go and meet you’
He said that Ali would go and meet you/him.
2. Interrogative Sentences
• Ali said to his father, ‘Where are you going?’
Ali asked his father where he was going.
• He said to them, ‘Can you help me?’
He asked them if they could help him
Said M-ICAF 2
 3. Imperative Sentences
• He said to me, ‘please do not run so fast.’
• He requested me not to run so fast.
• He said, ‘Let us go to the river.’
• He requested that they should be allowed to
go to the river.
4. Exclamatory sentences
• He said, ‘Alas! How foolish I’ve been.’
• He exclaimed with sorrow that he had been
very foolish
Said M-ICAF 3
 Optative Sentences
• He said, ‘May you live long’
He prayed that he might live long
He prayed for him to live long.
• I said to her, ‘May you succeed in your life.’
I wished that she might succeed in her life.
I wished her to succeed in her life.
• The beggar said to me, ‘may you go to hell.’
The beggar cursed that I might go to hell.

• The beggar cursed me to go to hell

Said M-ICAF 4
 Mixed sentences
• The patient said, ‘Good morning doctor, can
you spare me a few minutes?’
• The patient greeted the doctor and asked him
if he could spare a few minutes.
• The teacher said to David, ‘can you do this
question?’ ‘yes sir,’ he said
• The teacher asked David if he could do that
question, and David replied respectfully that he
could.

Said M-ICAF 5
• My friend said to me, ‘Have you learnt this poem by
heart?’ ‘No,’ said I.
• My friend asked me if I had learnt that poem by
heart and I replied negatively.
• Peter said to me, ‘Thank you, I’ll see you soon.’
• Peter thanked me and said that he would see me
soon.
• She said, ‘my dear mother, good bye.’
• She bade good bye to her dear mother.

Said M-ICAF 6