Chapter 5

Transmission Lines STEADY-

STATE OPERATION
Long Transmission Lines > 250 Km, > 100kV
Transmission Lines Voltage Regulation

VS  no  load  VL  full  load

% Voltage Regulation   100  .....
VS  full  load
R jX

Is
L
VL O
VS A
d

VS  VR  VX  VL

VS  R I  jX I  VL
Fida Muhammad (Air University)
Transmission Lines Voltage Regulation
Lagging Power Factor R jX IS -

VR=RI VX=XI L Lagging

VL o Power Factor
VS a Load
d

VS  VR  VX  VL
VS

VR
VX
VL VS > VL
IS
VNL  VFL
% VR   100  Posistive
VFL
Fida Muhammad (Air University)
Transmission Lines Voltage Regulation
Lagging Power Factor R jX IS -

VR=RI VX=XI L
o
VS VL a
d

Vs
Veq

  Vx
VL VR
 : Load Power Factor angle (Between VL & Is)

 + : Source Power Factor angle (Between VS & Is)

 :Angle between Vs & VL

 : Angle between VReq
Fida Muhammad & Vxeq
(Air University)
Transmission Lines Voltage Regulation
Leading Power Factor R jX Is 

VR=RI VX=XI L Leading

VL o Power Factor
VS a Load
d

VS  VR  VX  VL
VX

Vs

VS < VL
IS
VR

VS  VL
% VR   100  Negative
VS
VL
Fida Muhammad (Air University)
(Ferranti Effect)
Transmission Lines Voltage Regulation
Unity Power Factor Reqp jXeqp IS -

VReq VjXeq L
Unity
Vs =RIS =XIS VL
o
a Power Factor
d Load

Vs  VR  VX  VL
Not: The Load PF is
Unity but the source
Vs PF is lagging due to
line inductance

VX
VS > V L
VS  VL
% VR   100  ?
VR
IS VL VS
Fida Muhammad (Air University)
Positive
Types of Power Transmission Line

Short Transmission Line:

Length: Less than 80 Km
Voltage: Less than 20kV
shunt capacitance neglected

Medium Transmission Line

Length: 80 km to 250 km
Voltage: 20 kV to 100 kV

Long Transmission Line

Length: More than 250 km
Voltage: More than 100 kV

Lossless lines: Defined as a transmission line that

has no line resistance (R=G=0) and no dielectric loss.
This provides an accurate approximation for real Long
transmission lines that simplifies the mathematics
considered in modeling transmission lines.
VS  AV R  BIR Volts Formula Sheet
IS  CVR  DIR Amps VR VS  A D B C 
z (1  YZ1 ) (Z1  Z2  YZ1Z2 ) P  sin  W  per unit  s

Zc    X  
y  Y
Short : < 80 Km, < 20kV, C neglected shunt (1 YZ2 )   1 Z 0 
VS 
Medium : < 250 Km, < 100kV, VRNL  YZ  YZ 
nominal ; shunt C exist A  1  Z Y  1  
 (1  Y2 Z) Z   2  4 
  zy      LC m1  sinh( l) 
Long : > 250 Km, > 100kV
( Y1  Y2  Y1Y2 Z) (1  Y1Z)  Zc 
Equivalent  shunt C exist (Y) Y Z
/ /

cosh(  l)  1  Z c
sinh( l )  Z /

1 
2
f  jZ c sin(l) j sin(l) 
LC  cos( l) 
Losssless : (R=G=0)  Zc 

Formula Sheet
VR VS  A D B C 
z (1  YZ1 ) ( Z1  Z 2  YZ1Z 2 ) P sin  W  per unit  s 
Zc    X  
y  Y (1  YZ 2 )   1 Z 0 
VS 
VRN L  YZ  YZ  
A  1 Z Y 1  
 (1  Y2 Z) Z   2  4 
  zy    sinh( l) 
( Y1  Y2  Y1Y2 Z) (1  Y1Z )    LC m 1
 Y / Z/
Z c sinh( l)  Z / 
1 cosh( l)  1  2
Zc 
f   jZ c sin(  l) j sin(l) 
LC cos(l) 
 Zc 
5.4 LOSSLESS LINES (R=G=0) (Page 262)
(Over Head Lines not Under ground cables)

Question: Why we neglect the Line Concepts for lossless lines:

losses?
(1) Surge impedance,
Ans: Line losses are neglected,
simpler expressions for the line
parameters are obtained and the (2) ABCD parameters,
equations can be used for quick
and reasonably accurate hand (3) Equivalent  circuit,
calculations/analyses and to initial
designs.
(4) Wavelength,
More accurate calculations can
then be made with computer (5) Surge impedance loading,
programs for follow-up analysis
and design. (6) Voltage profiles, and

(7) Steady-state stability limit.

Lossless Transmission Line Open Circuit (No Load or Light Load)

Produce Q= Reactive Volt-Amperes in its Parallel Capacitance

(Charging Current in Transmission Line )

Shunt capacitance & series inductance are the main parameters

of the lines having a length 240km or above. Transmission lines
produce reactive power (Mvar) due to their shunt natural
capacitance shown in figure: is given by…
  V2
  Q c  X ; var V applied voltage, X c parallel capacitive reac tan ce
C

Ferranti Effect: At light or almost no-load or open circuit, the

Mvar Produced makes the receiving end voltage more than the
sending voltage. Voltage regulation is negative due capacitive
effect. (Ref: slide-5 leading current – as observed in vector animation).
 Lossless Transmission Line With Load

Absorb QL = Reactive Volt-Amperes in its Series Inductance

Transmission Line: Series Inductance Consuming Energy

Transmission lines also utilize reactive power to support their

magnetic fields.  The magnetic field strength is dependent on the
current flow and inductive reactance (XL).  
Mvar used by a transmission line Q L  I X L var
2

When Line's var (QL) Usage = Line's var (QC) Production this
Phenomenon in transmission line's is called Surge Impedance
Loading or SIL. (simply the MW loading Or unity PF) at which the
2
V
 I2 X L 
Line's Mvar Usage = Line's Mvar Production = SIL XC
Line's Mvar Usage = Line's Mvar Production.

V2 2fL V2 V L
I XL 
2
    Z   Surge Im pedance
2fC
0
XC I 2
I C
Note: The theoretical significance of the surge impedance is that if
a purely resistive load that is equal to the surge impedance were
connected to the end of a transmission line with no Transmission
line Resistance(R), a voltage surge introduced to the sending end
of the line would be absorbed completely at the receiving end.

VS=VR

VS=VR and would have a phase angle that is lagging with respect
to the sending end by an amount equal to the time required to
travel across the line from sending to receiving end.
(kVLL ) 2
SIL  , (MW )
Z0
Loading of any transmission line depends:

(i) Thermal limitation (I2R limitation)

(ii) Voltage regulation 

(R  jL )
(iii) Stability Limitation: Z0 
( G  j C )

(kVLL )2 L
Surge Impedance Loading or SIL  (MW ) Z0 
C
Z0

This is defined as the load (of unity power factor) that can be
delivered by the line of negligible resistance. OR

The surge impedance loading or SIL of a transmission

line is the MW loading of a transmission line at which a natural
reactive power balance occurs.  
Lossless Transmission Lines Voltage Regulation VS  VL
Voltage Profiles for different Power Factors (PF) %VR   100  .. ?
VS

Leading PF (Ferranti Effect) V2

 I2 X L
No Load Condition Reg Negative VS<VR XC

V2
I XL 
2
Unity PF Voltage Reg? XC
Vs VS=VR Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
VS=VR
VS>VR Lagging PF Voltage Reg?
Full Load Condition

Short Circuit Condition

V2
I XL 
2

XC

Sending Voltage Receiving Voltage

VOLTAGE VS  AV R  BIR Volts
PROFILES IS  CVR  DIR Amps

VS  AV R  BI R ; VS
VR ( No  Load ) 
No  Load I R  0 A

A  1  VR( SIL )  VS
B0

In practice, power lines are not terminated by their surge impedance. loadings
can vary from a small fraction of SIL during light load conditions
 No Load Condition
Vs
(Ferranti Effect)
Surge Impedance Loading (SIL)
Full Load Condition
Short Circuit Condition
Sending Voltage
1. At no-load, IRNL=0 & yields
VR ( No Load ) 
VS VNL(x)=(cos x)VRNL The no-load
A
voltage increases from VS=(cos
l)VRNL at the sending end to VRNL
at the receiving end (where x =
0).
Receiving Voltage
Formula Sheet

Zc  
2. the voltage
 A D

 per unit
B
X
profile
C 
VR VS

z (1 YZ1 ) (Z1  Z2  YZ1Z2 ) P  sin W
 s 
at SIL is flat.

y  Y (1  YZ2 )   0 
VS  AV R  BIR Volts VRNL 
VS 
 1
1
YZ
Z
Z
 YZ 
Y 1  
A
 (1  Y2 Z) Z   2  4 
IS  CVR  DIR Amps   zy      LC m1
( Y1  Y2  Y1Y2 Z) (1  Y1Z)

 Y /Z/
sinh( l) 
cosh(  l )  1  Z c sinh( l)  Z / Zc 
1  2 
f   jZ c sin(l) j sin(l) 
LC cos( l) 
 Zc 

3. The full-load voltage profile, which depends on the specification

of full-load current, lies above the short-circuit voltage profile.

4. For a short circuit at the load, VRSC=0 & VSC(x) =(ZCsinx)IRSC

The voltage decreases from VS=(sinl)(ZCIRSC) at the sending end
to V = 0 at the receiving end.
Surge Impedance and SIL values for typical 60-Hz Overhead lines

Thus, at SIL, the voltage

profile is flat. That is, the
voltage magnitude at any
point x along a lossless
line at SIL is constant.