Bolt

• Bolt is a metal pin with a head formed at one

end and shank threaded at the other end.
• Types
– Unfinished (least expensive, low strength)
– Ribbed bolt
– Turned bolt
– High strength friction grip (HSFG) (induced tension
by tightening nuts)
Unfinished bolts
• Unfinished bolts are also called ordinary,
common, rough or black bolts.
• There are used for light structures (purlins,
bracings, etc.) under static loads.
• They are not recommended for connections
subjected to impact load, vibrations and fatigue.
• Bolts are forged from low carbon rolled steel
circular rods, permitting large tolerances.
 Ribbed bolts
• These are also called fluted bolts.
• The head of the bolt is like a rivet head.
• The threaded and nut are provided on the
other end of the shank
 Turned bolts
• These are similar to unfinished bolts, with the
differences that the shank of these bolts is
formed from a hexagonal rod
 HSFG bolts
• These bolts are called friction grip bolts. These
are made from bars of medium carbon steel.
• Their high strength is achieved through
quenching and tempering processes or by
alloying steel.
• Steel washers of hard steel or carburized steel
are provided to evenly distribute the clamping
pressure on the bolted member and to prevent
the threaded portion of the bolt from bearing
on the connecting pieces.
 Advantages
• Noiseless
• Less and low skilled labour
• Easy to connect
• Less working area
• Minor errors
• Structures can be used immediately
 Disadvantages
• Unfinished bolts have low tensile strength
• Failures may be due to vibrations
• Rigidity due to loose fit and causes deflections
 Bolt connections

• Butt joint

• Lap joint
 Failure of bolt
• Shear failure of bolts
• Bearing failure of bolts
• Bearing failure of plate
• Tension failure of bolts
• Tension/Tearing failure of plate
• Block shear failure
 Shear failure of bolts
• This occurs when the maximum factored shear
force exceeds shear capacity of the bolt
 Bearing failure of bolts
• This occurs when the strength of plate is more
than the bolt.
• The plate presses the shank and leads to
crushing
 Bearing failure of plate
• This occurs when the plate material is weaker
than the bolt
• Shear tear out is a possible mode of failure
• Also influenced by spacing of bolts and edge
distance
 Tension failure of bolts
• Bolts subjected to tension may fail due to
stress
• The flexibility of bolts also to be considered
while designing bolts
 Tension/Tearing failure of plate
• This occurs when the bolt is stronger than
plate
• Tension on gross area (yielding) and net
effective area (rupture) to be considered
 Block shear failure
• Bolts placed at a lesser end distance
• It occurs when the block of material within the
bolted area breaks away from remainder area
• i.e slippage of shear and tension plane
Terminology in bolt
 Assumptions
• The friction b/w plates is negligible
• Shear is uniform over the c/s of bolt
• The stress distribution on the plate b/w the
bolt hole is uniform
• Bolt in a group is subjected to directed load,
share the load equally
• Bending stress developed in the bolt is
neglected
 Prying force
Prying stress

Prying force

Prying
stress
• Prying force
It is the additional tensile force developed
in a bolt as a result of the flexing of the
connection component such as beam end
plate or leg of an angle
The subsequent stress produced due to the
forced stress in the contact area is known as
prying stress
 Efficiency of a joint
• It is defined as the ratio of strength of joint
and strength of solid plate in tension
• It is expressed in percentage

– Efficiency, η = Strength of joint x 100

Strength of plate