HORMONE SYNTHESIS,

RELEASE AND TRANSPORT

The hormones speak :
We are the chemical messengers
of the body.
Diversified in our structure and
function;
Act either directly or through
messenger;
Growth, health, and welfare is
our motto
 Hormone
 Hormone:
produced in small amounts by specific
tissues (endocrine glands), control the
metabolic and biological activities in the
target cells
 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

 Protein and polypeptide

 Amine
 Steroid
 Eicosanoid
BIOCHEMISTRY
MEDICAL FACULTY USU
 PEPTIDE HORMONES

 Consist of specific amino acids

 Synthesized as large precursor proteins
 Stored in membrane-enclosed
compartments
 Hydrophillic
 PEPTIDA INSULIN

 Di sintesa di Pulau Pankreas sebagai

preproinsulin
 Untuk sekresi disimpan di RES
→ oleh enzim mikrosomal dibelah menjadi
proinsulin sewaktu memasuki membran RES
 Proinsulin diangkut ke golgi kompleks 
dikemas menjadi secretory granules
 Di granula, C-Peptida dipisahkan  insulin
disekresikan
Protein and Polypeptide Hormones Synthesis

: Peptide hormone synthesis and packaging

Proinsulin

Insulin
AMINE HORMONES

 Derived from the amino acid tyrosine

 Includes thyroid hormones and
catecholamines
 Stored until secreted
 Thyroid Hormones

 Thyroid gland produce T3 and T4

hormones
 Iodide (I-) actively transported into the
follicle of thyroid gland
 Oxidized to iodine (Io) by a peroxidase
 Thyroid Hormones

 Iodine attached to tyrosine within

thyroglobulin chain
 MIT, DIT
 MIT and DIT or 2 DIT molecules
coupled together
 TSH via cAMP stimulates hydrolyze T3
and T4 from thyroglobulin (inhibited by
KI)
 STEROID HORMONES

 Precursor: Cholesterol
 Lipophillic
 Immediately released from the cell
following synthesis
 Hormon Steroid

 Korteks adrenal sintesis :

glukokortikoid, mineralokortikoid, sex
steroid
 Terutama dari kolesterol plasma (sebagian
kecil dari asetil koA)
 Kolesterol plasma dirubah menjadi
pregnenolon oleh enzim sitokrom P450
(mitkondria atau RES)
Hormon Steroid
 Hormon Steroid

 Kekhususan seluler :
– sintesis mineralokortikoid pada sel
glomerulosa
 18 hidroksilase dan 18 hidroksisteroid
dehidrogenase hanya ditemukan pada
sel ini
Golongan Hormon Steroid
 Protein Transport

Thyroid Hormones

 Globulin alfa (85%)TBG

 TBPA (transferitin)
 Albumin sedikit
 Protein Transport

Hormon Steroid

 Kortisol
- 75 % terikat CBG (transkortin)
- 10 % kortisol bebas
- selebihnya pada albumin
(mis deksametason)
 Protein Transport
Hormon Steroid

 Androgen
- DHEA terikat lemah pada albumin
- Testoteron terikat pada globulin spesifik
( SHBG)
 Mineralokortikoid
- tidak punya protein pengangkut spesifik
- membentuk ikatan lemah dengan abumin
EICOSANOIDS HORMONE

 Produced from arachidonic acid,

 Released from phospholipids by action of
phospholipase A2, phospholipase C
 Produced in almost every organ
 In one pathway arachidonic acid is
converted to prostanoids by a group of
enzymes, the cyclooxygenase system
 A second pathway to produce leukotrienes
by the enzyme 5 lipoxygenase
EICOSANOIDS HORMONE
Prostaglandins

 SAIDS inhibit action of phospholipase

 NSAIDs, such as aspirin and derivatives of
ibuprofen, inhibit cyclooxygenase activity of
PGH2 Synthase
 They inhibit formation of prostaglandins
involved in fever, pain, & inflammation
 They inhibit blood clotting by blocking
thromboxane formation in blood platelets
REFERENCES

 Devlin T M, PhD. Text Book of Biochemistry with

Clinical Correlations 5thed. Wiley-Liss, New
York. 2002 : 906-952, 982-983
 McKee Trudy, McKee James R. The molecular
basis of Life. 3rded. McGraw-Hill. Americas, New
York. 2003 : 541-559
 Murray R K, et al. Harper’s Biochemistry 26thed.
Appleton & Lange. America 2003: 434-473
 Raff A, et al. Moleculer Biology of The Cell. 4thed.
Garland Science. New York. 2002: 832-892
 Stryer L. Biokimia. Edisi 4. EGC, Jakarta. 2000.:
340-358