Principle Of Step-up Chopper

I L D
+
+ 

L
V C O VO
A
Chopper D


1
• Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load
voltage higher than the input voltage V.
• The values of L and C are chosen depending
upon the requirement of output voltage and
current.
• When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
• The inductor current ‘I’ rises and the inductor
stores energy during the ON time of the
chopper, tON.

2
• When the chopper is off, the inductor current I
is forced to flow through the diode D and load
for a period, tOFF.
• The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
• Therefore voltage across load is given by

dI
VO  V  L i.e., VO  V
dt
3
• A large capacitor ‘C’ connected across the
load, will provide a continuous output voltage
.
• Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
• Step up choppers are used for regenerative
braking of dc motors.

4
 Expression For Output Voltage
Assume the average inductor current to
be
I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L  V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I
.tON
Where tON  ON period of chopper.
5
When Chopper is OFF
(energy is supplied by inductor to load)
Voltage across L  VO  V
Energy supplied by inductor L  VO  V  It OFF

where tOFF  OFF period of Chopper.

Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor
L = energy supplied by inductor L

6
 VItON  VO  V  ItOFF

V tON tOFF
VO 
tOFF
 T 
VO  V  
 T  tON 
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching. 7
 T  tON  tOFF
 
 1 
VO  V  
t
 1  ON 
 T 
 1 
 VO  V  
1  d 
tON
Where d   duty cyle
T
8
For variation of duty cycle ' d in the
range of 0  d  1 the ' voltage VO
output
will vary in the range V  V  
O

9
 Performance Parameters
• The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
• Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
• Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
• To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.
10
 Problem

• A Chopper circuit is
operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460
V supply. If the
conduction loadofvoltage
period the thyristor in each
is 350 volts, calculate the
cycle.

11
V  460 V, Vdc = 350 V, f = 2 kHz
1
Chopping period T
f
1
T  0.5 m sec
2 103
 tON 
Output voltage Vdc   V
 T 
12
Conduction period of thyristor
T Vdc
tON 
V
0.5  350
tON 
10 460
3

tON  0.38 msec

13
 Problem

• Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The

output required is 600 V. If the time
conducting
of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
– Chopping frequency,
– frequency of operation,
If the pulse find thefor
width is halved newconstant
output
voltage.

14
V  200 V , tON  200 Vdc  600V
s,
 T 
Vdc  V  
 T  tON 
 T 
600  200  
 T  200 10 
6

Solving for T
T  300  s
15
Chopping frequency
1
f 
T
1
f   3.33KHz
300 10 6

Pulse width is halved

200
 tON   100 
10 2
6
s 16
Frequency is constant
 f  3.33KHz
1
T   300 
f s
 T 
 Output voltage = V  
 T  tON 
 300 106 
 200    300 Volts
  300 100 10
6

17
 Problem

• A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and

input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON,
its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping
frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%,
determine the average output voltage and the
chopper on time.

18
VS  220V , R  20, f  10 kHz
tON
d  0.80
T
Vch = Voltage drop across chopper = 1.5 volts
Average output voltage
 tON 
Vdc    VS  Vch 
 T 
Vdc  0.80  220 1.5   174.8 Volts
19
Chopper ON time, tON  dT
1
Chopping period, T
f
1
T  0.110 3
secs  100 μsecs
10 10 3

Chopper ON time,
tON  dT
tON  0.80  0.1103
tON  0.08 103  μsecs
80 20
 Problem

• In a dc chopper, the average

load current is 30
voltage is 110 volts.
Amps, chopping Calculate
frequency is 250the
Hz,ON and OFF
supply
periods of the chopper if the load resistance is
2 ohms.

21
I dc  30 Amps, f  250 Hz, V  110 V , R  2
1 1
Chopping period, T    4 103  4 msecs
f 250
Vdc
I dc  & Vdc  dV
R
d
 I dc  V

I dcRR 30
d  2  0.545
V 110
22
Chopper ON period,
tON  dT  0.545  4  2.18 msecs
10 3
Chopper OFF period,
tOFF  T  tON
tOFF  4 10  2.18 10
3 3

tOFF  1.82 103  1.82

msec 23
• A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of R
= 10 and input voltage of V = 200 V. When
chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V and the
chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle is
60%, determine
– Average output voltage
– RMS value of output voltage
– Effective input resistance of chopper
– Chopper efficiency.
24
 Chopper
i0
+

V R v0

V  200 V , R  Chopper voltage drop Vch  2V

10, f  1 kHz.
d  0.60,
25
Average output voltage
Vdc  d V  Vch 
Vdc  0.60  200  2  118.8 Volts

RMS value of output voltage

VO  d V  Vch 
VO  0.6  200  2   153.37 Volts
26
Effective input resistance of chopper is
V V
Ri  
IS I dc
Vdc 118.8
I dc    11.88 Amps
R 10
V V 200
Ri     16.83
I S I dc 11.88
Output power is
1
dT
v0
2
1
dT
V  Vch  2

PO 
T
 R
dt 
T
 R
dt
0 0 27
 d V  Vch 
2

PO 
R
0.6  200  2
2

PO   2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi 
T
 Vi O dt
0

V V  V ch 
dT
1
PO 
T
 R
dt
0
28
 dV V  Vch 
PO 
R
0.6   2
PO   2376 watts
200 10
 200
Chopper efficiency,

  PO 100
Pi
2352.24
 100  99%
2376
29
 Problem
• A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
– Average load current
30
L  5 H , R  10, f  1000 Hz,
V  200 V , tON :tOFF  2 : 3
Chopping period,
1 1
T   1msecs
f 1000
tON 2

tOFF 3
tON  2 t
OFF
3
31
T  tON  tOFF
2
T  tOFF  tOFF
3
5
T  tOFF
3
3
tOFF  T
5
3
T  110  0.6 msec
3

5
32
 tON  T  tOFF
tON  1  0.6  10 3  0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
tON 0.4 103
d   0.4
T 1103
Maximum value of load current is given by
 
dRT

V 1 e L
 E
I max   
R 
RT  R
 1  L

e 33
Since there is no voltage source in
the load circuit, E = 0
 
dRT

V 1 e L

 I max  
R 
RT 
 1  L

e
 
0.410110 3

200 1 e 5

I max   10110 3 
10 
 1  5

e 34
 3
1  e 0.810 
I max  20  3 
1 e 210

I max  8.0047A
Minimum value of load current with E = 0
is given by
 dRT

V e L
1 
I min  
R RT 
 L
1
e 35
  0.4101103

200  e 5
1 
I min   3
  7.995 A
10 10110

 5
1
e current
Average load
I max I min
I dc 
2
8.0047
I dc  8A
7.9952
36
 Problem
• A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH, f
= 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
– Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
– Average value of load current.
– RMS load current.
– Effective input resistance as seen by source.
– RMS chopper current.
37
V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1 1
T   1  10 3
secs
f 1103
Chopper
i0
+
R

v0
FWD L

E
38
Maximum value of load current is given by
 
dRT

V 1 e L
 E
I max   RT 

R  R
 1  L

e
 
0.551103 
2 5103

I max  0 51103 0
5 
0 1  5103 
 
 e
11 e 0.5 
I max  40     24.9 A
1e
e 1

39
Minimum value of load current is given by
 dRT

V e L
 1 E
I min   
R RT  R
 L
1
e
 0.551103
3

200  e 510
1 
I min   51103 0
5
 e 5103
1 

 e0.5 1 
I min  40    15.1 A
 e 1 
1

40
 Average value of load current
is
I dc  I I
1 2 2

for linear variation of currents

24.9  15.1
 I dc   20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
 I max I min 
2 2
I O RMS    2
I min   Imin  max  Imin 
3
I 41
 1
  24.9  15.1
2 
 15.1 24.9 15.1 
2

I O RMS   15.1 
2

 3 
1
 96.04 2
I O RMS   228.01   147.98  20.2 A
 3
RMS chopper current is given by
I ch  d I O RMS   0.5  20.2  14.28
A 42
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri 
IS
I S = Average source current
I S  dI dc
I S  0.5   10 A
20
Therefor effective input resistance is
e V 200
Ri    20
IS 10
43