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An Introduction To Anatomy and Physiology: Powerpoint Lecture Presentations Prepared by Jason Lapres
An Introduction To Anatomy and Physiology: Powerpoint Lecture Presentations Prepared by Jason Lapres
An Introduction to
Anatomy and
Physiology
• Study Strategies
• Attend all lectures, labs, and study sessions
• Read your lecture and laboratory assignments before going to
class or lab
• Devote a block of time each day to your A&P course
• Set up a study schedule and stick to it
• Do not procrastinate
• Approach the information in different ways
• Develop the skill of memorization, and practice it regularly
• As soon as you experience difficulty with the course, seek
assistance
• Supplements
• Practice Anatomy Lab™ (PAL™) 3.0 DVD
• MasteringA&P™ Study Area
• Interactive Physiology® 10-System Suite (IP-10) CD-ROM
• Martini’s Atlas of the Human Body
• Get Ready for A&P!
• A&P Applications Manual
• Study Guide
Leonardo da Vinci’s
Vitruvian Man
expresses the
correlation of man’s
body proportions. For
example, man’s
outstretched arms are
equivalent to his
height.
Anatomical Position
• Anterior or ventral
refers to body parts
towards or on the front of
the body.
• Posterior or dorsal
refers to body parts
towards or on the back of
the body.
• Thoracic cavity
• Abdominopelvic cavity
• Serous Membranes
• Mediastinum
• Upper portion filled with blood vessels, trachea,
esophagus, and thymus
• Lower portion contains pericardial cavity
• The heart is located within the pericardial cavity
• Retroperitoneal space
•Consists of mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small
and large intestines.
•Also includes salivary
glands, liver, pancreas and
gallbladder.
•Physically and chemically
breaks down food.
•Absorbs nutrients and
eliminates wastes.
•Consists of respiratory
airways and lungs.
•Transfers oxygen from
inhaled air to blood and
carbon dioxide from blood
to exhaled air.
•Aides in sound
production.
Female ~ Male ~
• Consists of the ovaries, • Consists of the testes,
uterus, uterine tubes, epididymis, vas deferens
vagina and mammary and penis.
glands. • Produces sperm
• Produces egg cells
(ovum)
•Consists of the
lymph, spleen, tonsils,
lymphatic fluid, thymus
and immune cells.
•Maintains fluid
balance.
•Aides in protection
against disease
causing organisms.
• Homeostasis
• All body systems working together to maintain a
stable internal environment
• Systems respond to external and internal changes
to function within a normal range (body
temperature, fluid balance)
• Mechanisms of Regulation
• Autoregulation (intrinsic)
• Extrinsic regulation
• Receptor
• Receives the stimulus
• Control center
• Processes the signal and sends instructions
• Effector
• Carries out instructions
RECEPTOR
Information
Normal Thermometer affects
condition
disturbed
STIMULUS:
Room temperature
rises
RESPONSE:
Room temperature 20° 30° 40°
drops Normal
22 range
Normal
condition EFFECTOR Sends
restored Air conditioner commands
turns on to
Time
In response to input from a receptor (a thermometer), a thermostat With this regulatory system, room
(the control center) triggers an effector response (either an air condi- temperature fluctuates around the
tioner or a heater) that restores normal temperature. In this case, set point.
when room temperature rises above the set point, the thermostat
turns on the air conditioner, and the temperature returns to normal.
RECEPTORS
Temperature Information
sensors in skin affects
Normal and
temperature hypothalamus CONTROL
disturbed CENTER
STIMULUS:
Body temperature
rises
HOMEOSTASIS Thermoregulatory
Normal body center in brain Vessels Vessels
temperature dilate, constrict,
RESPONSE: sweating sweating
Increased heat loss, increases decreases
body temperature
Clotting
accelerates
Positive
feedback
loop
Damage to cells in the The chemicals start chain As clotting continues, This escalating process
blood vessel wall releases reactions in which cells, each step releases is a positive feedback
chemicals that begin the cell fragments, and chemicals that further loop that ends with the
process of blood clotting. soluble proteins in the accelerate the process. formation of a blood clot,
blood begin to form a clot. which patches the vessel
wall and stops the bleeding.
• Systems Integration
• Systems work together to maintain homeostasis
• Superficial Anatomy
• Anatomical Landmarks
• References to palpable structures
• Anatomical Regions
• Body regions
• Abdominopelvic quadrants
• Abdominopelvic regions
• Anatomical Directions
• Reference terms based on subject
Anterior view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-5a Anatomical Landmarks
Digits (phalanges)
or toes (digital or
phalangeal) Pedal
Hallux or or foot
great toe
Cephalic
or head
Acromial or
shoulder Cervical
Dorsal or or neck
back
Olecranal Upper
or back limb
of elbow
Posterior view
Lumbar Upper
limb
or loin
Gluteal
or buttock
Lower
Popliteal or
limb
back of knee
Sural
or calf
Calcaneal or
heel of foot
Plantar or
sole of foot
Posterior view
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 1-6a Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
Right Left
hypochondriac hypochondriac
region Epigastric region
region
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Spleen
Large intestine
Small intestine
Appendix
Urinary
bladder
Anatomical relationships. The relationship between
the abdominopelvic quadrants and regions and the
locations of the internal organs are shown here.