CHAPTER 1

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

ANABELLE S. BUENDIA
2nd Semester 2019-2020
NATURE OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

 DEVELOPMENT – relatively enduring growth

and change that makes an individual better
adapted to the environment, by enhancing the
individual’s ability to engage in, understand, and
experience more complex behavior, thinking and
emotions.

 DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY – scientific

study of how people change and remain the
same across the life span.
DEVELOPMENT VS. GROWTH

Development is different from growth in 3 ways

a) Development makes an individual
better adapted to the environment.
b) Development proceeds from the
relatively simple and global to the
more complex and specific.
c) Development is relatively enduring.
WHY STUDY DEVELOPMENT?
(GOALS)
 To Describe. “What people are like at different
ages?”
 To Explain. “What causes Developmental
change?”
 To Predict. “What an individual be like at a
later point in life?”
 To Intervene. “How can we facilitate positive
development, prevent problems, or correct
problems that already exist?”
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

A.Biological Domain or Physical

Development -
 Includes brain and body changes
 Genes inherited from parents
 Height and weight gains
 Changes in motor skills
 Hormonal changes
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

B. Cognitive Domain
 involve changes in the individual’s
thought, intelligence, and
language.
Putting together two-word sentence
Memorizing a poem
Imagining what it would be like to be a movie
star
DOMAINS OF DEVELOPMENT

C. Socio-emotional Domain
 involves changes in the individual’s
relationships with other people,
changes in emotions, and changes in
personality.
An infant’s smile in response to mother’s touch
Aggressive attack on a playmate
HISTORICAL THEORIES OF
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
1. Original Sin View
 Advocated in the middle ages. Children are
perceived as being basically bad, born in
the world as evil beings. The goal of child
rearing is salvation
2. Innate Goodness View
 presented by Jean Jacques Rousseau.
Children are inherently good. Children
should be permitted to grow naturally with
little monitoring or constraint.
HISTORICAL THEORIES OF
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
3. Tabula Rasa View
 proposed by John Locke in the 17th
century. Children are like a blank tablet.
Individual acquire their characteristics
through experience. childhood
experiences are important in determining
adult characteristics.
4. Charles Darwin
 conducted the first systematic study of
developmental psychology
HISTORICAL THEORIES OF
DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY
5. Wilhelm Preyer
 developmental psychology as a discipline
was fully established when Preyer
published a book entitled the mind of the
child.

6. 1900s : Developmental Psychologist

 Jean Piaget, Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson,
Lawrence Kohlberg
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:

Prenatal Period (conception – birth)

 Germinal stage
 Embryonic stage
 Fetal stage
Infancy Period (birth – 24 months)
 Time of extreme dependence
 Development of language, symbolic thought,
sensorimotor coordination and social learning
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:
Early Childhood (end of infancy – 6 yrs. old)
 Preschool years – self-sufficient and care for one’s self.
 School readiness skill – following instructions, identifying
letters.
 Playing stage
Middle and Late Childhood (6 yrs. – 11 yrs. old)
 Elementary school years
 Fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic are
mastered
 Self- control increases.
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:
Adolescence (12 years – 20 years of age)
 Rapid physical changes – height, weight, body contour, and
development of sexual characteristics
 Puberty stage – sexual maturity
 Cognitive – logical, abstract, and idealistic
 Peer pressure
Early adulthood (21– 40 years old)
 Time of establishing personal and economic independence
 Time of career development
 Time of reflection for family life
PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT:

Middle Adulthood (40 years – 60 yrs. old)

 Time of expanding personal and social involvement and
responsibility
 Reaching and maintaining satisfaction in one’s career.
 Responsibility in assisting the next generation in becoming
competent, mature individuals.
Late adulthood (60 years old – until death)
 Time of adjustment to decreasing strength and health
 Time of reflection (life review)
 Time of retirement and adjustment to new social roles.
 SOCIAL
SOCIALDEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT

THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

 Erik Erikson
 views developmental changes occurring
throughout life as a series of eight stages of
psychosocial development
 believes that development of individuals’
interactions and understanding of each other
and of their knowledge and understanding of
themselves as member of society
 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Integrity vs Despair

Generativity vs Stagnation

Intimacy vs Isolation
SocialInteraction
Social Interaction
Identity vs Role Confusion

Industry vs Inferiority

Initiative vs Guilt

Autonomy vs Shame

Trust vs Mistrust
 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Stages Age Task / Outcomes
Trust vs 1 yr.& 6 -Trust develops from physical and psychological
Mistrust mons fulfillment.
-Mistrust develops from inconsistent care and
unpleasant interactions.
Autonomy 1 yr. to -Autonomy and independence are developed if
vs Shame & 3 yrs freedom and exploration are encouraged.
Doubt old -Shame and Self doubt are experienced when they are
overly restricted or protected.
Initiative vs 3 to 6 - Initiative developed if there is positive
Guilt yrs old encouragement to children’s attempts of
independence.
- Guilt feelings are felt from discouragement or
negative criticism.
Industry vs 6 to 12 - Social interactions with others could lead into positive
Inferiority yrs old or negative consequences .
 STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
Stages Age Task / Outcomes
Identity vs Adolescence - Awareness of unique self/ knowledge
Role of role to be followed.
Confusion - inability to identify appropriate roles
in life.
Intimacy vs Early - Development of loving, sexual
Isolation Adulthood relationship and close friendship.
- Fear of relationship with others.
Generativity Middle - Sense of contribution to continuity of
vs Adulthood life.
Stagnation - Sense of stagnation when goals are
not met.
Ego integrity Late Adulthood - Sense of unity in life’s
vs Despair accomplishments
-Regret over lost opportunities of life
 COGNITIVE
COGNITIVEDEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT

Jean Piaget, Swiss psychologist founded

the theory of cognitive development.
He suggested that children around the
world proceed through a series of four
stages in fixed order.
He assumed that , without having such
experiences, children cannot reach their
highest level of cognitive growth.
 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Cognitive Age Range Major Characteristics
Stage
Sensorimotor Birth to 2 yrs -Development of object permanence,
old motor skills, and little or no capacity
for symbolic representation.

Preoperational 2 to 7 yrs old -Development of language and

symbolic thinking
-Egocentric thinking

Concrete 7 to 12 yrs -Development of conservation,

operational old mastery of concept of reversibility
Formal 12 to -Development of logical and abstract
operational adulthood thinking
 MoralDevelopment
Moral DevelopmentTheory
Theory
(LawrenceKohlberg)
(Lawrence Kohlberg)
Stage 1: Punishment and Stage 3: Interpersonal
Stage 1: Punishment and Stage 3: Interpersonal
Obedience Concordance
Obedience Concordance

Stage 2 : “Self-Benefit” Pre-conventional

Conventional Stage 4: Law and Order
Post-conventional Stage 4: Law and Order
Stage 2 : “Self-Benefit”
Orientation SELF Orientation
Orientation Orientation

Stage 5 : Social Contract Stage 6 : Universal-

Stage 5 : Social Contract Stage 6 : Universal-
Orientation Ethical Principle
Orientation Ethical Principle
 PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT (SIGMUND FREUD)
Stage Age Major Characteristics
Oral Birth – 18 months Interest in oral gratification from
sucking, eating, mouthing, biting
Anal 18 months – 3 years Gratification from expelling and
withholding feces; coming to terms
with society’s controls relating to
toilet training
Phallic 3 years – 6 years Interest in the genitals; coming to
terms with Oedipal conflict, leading
to identification with same- sex
parent
Latency 6 years – adolescence Sexual concern largely unimportant

Genital Adolescence - Reemergence of sexual interest and

adulthood establishment of mature sexual
relationship
 PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY OF DEVELOPMENT (SIGMUND FREUD)

Stage Fixation
Oral  Oral fixation: smoking, drinking,
overeating
Anal  Anal fixation :
 Anal retentiveness
 Anal impulsiveness
Phallic  Oedipus complex
 Electra complex (Carl Jung)
Latency  Sexual interest becomes dormant

Genital  Maturity of sexual relationship