ETHICAL THEORIES

Ethics
The word “ethics” is derived from
the Greek word, “ethos” which
means “characteristic way of acting”,
“habit”, or “custom”. The Latin
equivalent is mos, mores, from
which come the word moral and
morality. Ethics studies the
characteristics of behaviour of man
as endowed with reason and
freewill. (Agapay,2008)
Ethical theories
devices which a worker may use to
analyze and determine the moral
goodness of his decision, what he
should do or what he should refrain
from doing an act. Ethical theories
help a worker to respond to ethical
dillemas commonly encountered in
the performance of work.
3 ETHICAL THEORIES
 Role of Ethical Theory

Ethics are concerned with right and wrong

and how to conduct should be judged to be
good or bad. It is about how we should
behave towards other people. Business life is a
fruitful source of ethical dilemmas because its
whole purpose is material gain, the making of
profit. Success in business requires a constant,
avid search for potential advantage over
others.

4 ETHICAL THEORIES
 Role of Ethical Theory

It is important to understand that, if ethics is

applicable to corporate behaviour at all, it must
therefore be a fundamental aspect of mission,
since everything the organisation does flow from
that. Managers are responsible for strategic
decision-making cannot avoid responsibility for
organisation’s ethical standing. They should
consciously apply ethical rules to all their
decisions in order to filter out potentially
undesirable developments

5 ETHICAL THEORIES
Ethical Relativism and
Non-Cognitivism
Relativism is the view that a wide variety of
acceptable ethical beliefs and practices exist.
The relativist approach suggest that all moral
statements are essentially subjective and arise
from the culture, belief or emotion of the
speaker.

6 ETHICAL THEORIES
 Ethical relativism is the theory that holds that morality
is relative to the norms of one's culture. That is, whether
an action is right or wrong depends on the moral norms
of the society in which it is practiced. The same action may
be morally right in one society but be morally wrong in
another.
For the ethical relativist, there are no universal moral
standards -- standards that can be universally applied to
all peoples at all times.

7 ETHICAL THEORIES
Ethical Relativism or
Moral Relativism
is the view that right and wrong are culturally
determined.

Ethical rules will differ in different periods

within the same society, and will differ
between different societies. Acceptance of
ethical relativism implies that a society should
not impose moral imperatives strictly, since it
accepts that different ethical and belief
systems are acceptable.
 Strengths of Relativism
Relativism highlights how ethical position depend on what
a.) people observe and biases due to the limits of their
perception.

b.) Relativism also highlights differences in cultural beliefs. For

example, all cultures may say that it is wrong to kill
innocents, but different cultures may have different about
who innocents really are.

c.) The philosopher Bernard Crick argued that differing

absolutist beliefs result in moral conflict between people.
(Relativist) ethics should act to resolve such conflicts.

d.) In the global economy, where companies conduct

businesses in many different countries and cultures,
adopting a relativist approach presumes more flexibility
and therefore greater success.
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 Criticism of Relativism
a.) Strong Relativism is based on fundamental contradiction.
The statement that “All statements are relative” is itself an
absolute, non-relative statement. However, it is possible to
argue that some universal truths (certain laws of physics)
exist, but deny other supposedly objective truths.

b.) A common criticism of relativism, particularly by religious

leaders, is that it leads to philosophy of ‘anything goes’,
denying the existence of morality and permitting activities
that are harmful to others.

c.) Alternatively, some critics have argued for the existence of

natural moral laws. These are not necessarily religious laws.
The atheist scientist Richard Dawkins has argued in favour
of natural laws.
Ideas such as objectivity and final truth do have value. If it
d.) is valid to say that everyone’s differing opinions are right,
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then it is equally valid to say that everyone’s differing
opinions are wrong.
 Ethical Absolutism and
Cognitivism
Absolutism is the view that there is an
unchanging set of ethical principles that
will apply in all situations, at all times and
in all societies.

It refers to the idea that reality, truth, or

morality is “absolute”— the same for everybody,
everywhere, and every-when, regardless of
individual culture or cognition, or different
situations or contexts. If you believe that truths
are always true, or that there is an objective
reality, you are an absolutist. Some people think
that absolutism implies a belief that all truths are
absolute.
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 Ethical Absolutism and
Cognitivism
Absolutist approaches to ethics are built on the principle
that objective, universally applicable moral truths exist and
can be known. There is a set of moral rules that are always
true.
There are various methods of establishing these.
Religions Natural Law
based on the concept of approaches to ethics are based on
universally applicable principles. the idea that a set of objective or
Law ‘natural’ moral rules exist ad we Deontological approaches
can came to know what they are.
can be a source of reference for In terms of business ethics, the Many absolutists would accept
establishing principles. Law must natural law approach deals mostly that some ethical truths may differ
be free from ambiguity. Unlike law, with rights and duties. Where there between different cultures.
though, ethics can quite is right, there is also a duty to However, they would also believe
reasonably be an arena for respect that right. in certain basic truths that should
12 ADD A FOOTER debate, about both the principles be common to all cultures.
involved and their application in
specific rules.
 Strengths of Absolutism
a.) Fundamentally the statement that absolute truth
does not exist is flawed. If it does not exist, then the
statements that it does not exist cannot be true.

Absolutism lays down certain unambiguous rules that

b.) people are able to follow, knowing that their actions
are right.

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 Criticism of Absolutism
Absolutist ethics takes no account of evolving norms within
a.) society and the development of advances in morality.

b.) From what source should absolutist ethics be derived?

Should it be religion, universal laws, human nature?
Whatever source is used, it is then possibly subject to
human interpretation with the result that different views
may exist on the same issue and there will be universal
agreement.

c.) What happens when two absolutist position appear

incompatible?

d.) A theory can be true according to a relative framework as

well as true according to an absolute framework. What
differs is the nature of the framework and not the truth of
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the statement. MM.DD.20XX
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COMPETITION SLIDE
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COMPETITION
More Convenient

Competitor 1
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Competitor 2 Competitor 4
Logo Logo

More Expensive Less Expensive

Competitor 3
Competitor 5
Logo
Logo Competitor 6
Logo

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GROWTH 3
STRATEGY 2 Section 3 Title

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 TRACTION

Key Metrics Revenue by Year

$50,000
CLIENTS ORDERS GROSS REVENUE NET REVENUE

20XX 10 1100 $10,000 $7,000 $40,000

20XX 20 200 $20,000 $16,000 $30,000

20XX 30 300 $30,000 $25,000

$20,000
20XX 40 400 $40,000 $30,000
$10,000
20XX 50 500 $50,000 $40,000
$0
20XX 20XX 20XX 20XX 20XX

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 20XX TIMELINE
Point 1 Title
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20XX
Point 2 Title CONSECTETUER
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PORTTITOR

20XX
Point 3 Title
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20XX
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porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere MM.DD.20XX
 20XX 20XX 20XX

Users 50,000 400,000 1,600,000

Jobs 500,000 4,000,000 16,000,000
Average price per job 75 80 90
COMPANY REVENUE @15% 5,625,000 48,000,000 216,000,000
- Cost of Revenue 0 0 0
Gross Profit 5,625,000 48,000,000 216,000,000
FINANCIALS OPEX

- Sales & Marketing 5,062,500 38,400,000 151,200,000 70%

- Customer Service 1,687,500 9,600,000 21,600,000 10%
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET,
CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING - Product Development 562,500 2,400,000 10,800,000 5%
ELIT. MAECENAS PORTTITOR - Misc. 281,250 2,400,000 4,320,000 2%
TOTAL OPEX 7,596,750 52,800,000 187,920,000
EBIT -1,968,750 -4,800,000 28,080,000 13%

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OUR
TEAM
LOREM IPSUM
DOLOR SIT AMET, Angelica Ian Jens
CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING Astrom Hansson Martensson
ELIT. MAECENAS PORTTITOR Team Member Title Team Member Title Team Member Title
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Fusce posuere, magna sed Fusce posuere, magna sed Fusce posuere, magna sed
pulvinar ultricies pulvinar ultricies pulvinar ultricies

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 OUR TEAM SLIDE
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET, CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING
ELIT. MAECENAS PORTTITOR

Angelica Astrom Ian Hansson Jens Martensson

Team Member Title Team Member Title Team Member Title

Angelica Astrom Ian Hansson Jens Martensson

Team Member Title Team Member Title Team Member Title

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FUNDING
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET,
CONSECTETUER ADIPISCING ELIT.
MAECENAS PORTTITOR

$1,500,000 $1,500,000 $1,500,000

Category Title Category Title Category Title

$1,500,000 $2,500,000 $1,500,000

Category Title Category Title Category Title

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 SUMMARY
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Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere,
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o Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus
et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra
nonummy pede. Mauris et orci.

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THANK YOU!
August Bergqvist
Phone:
678-555-0134
Email:
bergqvist@treyresearch.com
Website:
http://www.treyresearch.net/
 APPENDIX

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Person 1
Name
Customer Title
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Person 2
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Customer Title
TESTIMONIALS
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Person 3
Name
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MM.DD.20XX

CASE STUDY
LOREM IPSUM DOLOR SIT AMET,
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MAECENAS PORTTITOR CONGUE MASSA.
FUSCE POSUERE, MAGNA SED PULVINAR
ULTRICIES, PURUS LECTUS MALESUADA
LIBERO
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Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Maecenas porttitor
congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies, purus lectus
malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc viverra
imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique
senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy
pede. Mauris et orci. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
Maecenas porttitor congue massa. Fusce posuere, magna sed pulvinar ultricies,
purus lectus malesuada libero, sit amet commodo magna eros quis urna. Nunc
viverra imperdiet enim. Fusce est. Vivamus a tellus. Pellentesque habitant morbi
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turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci.
MM.DD.20XX
 MOBILE VERSION
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ADIPISCING ELIT. MAECENAS PORTTITOR CONGUE MASSA.
FUSCE POSUERE, MAGNA SED PULVINAR ULTRICIES, PURUS
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urna.

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o Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada

fames ac turpis egestas. Proin pharetra nonummy pede. Mauris et orci.

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