READINGS IN

PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
BACKGROUND OF
THE PHILIPPINE
HISTORY
CHAPTER 1 MODULE 1
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson you will be able to:

1. Determine the meaning, importance, and relevance of history
2. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity, and provenance
3. Differentiate internal and external criticism
4. Describe the repositories of primary sources
THE MEANING OF HISTORY

• History is derived from the word “historia” which means “inquiry or research”. Thus history refers to accounts
or inquiries of events that happened in the past and are narrated in chronological order.
• Aristotle (the father of logic) defines history as the account of a set of natural phenomena which are arranged in
chronological order.
• Thucydides and Herodotus (The father of history) defined history learning inquiry about the past of mankind.
• E.H. Carr likewise defines history as a never-ending dialogue of events between the past and the present.
• Will Durant stated that history is a narrative of events of what civilized men have thought and done in the past.
• Jawaharlal Nehru: “the theme of history should be that of man’s growth from barbarism to civilization”
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

1. Helps every person to draw conclusion from the past events helping the person to understand
himself by being acquainted with other people.
2. Helps the person or the government avoid pitfalls of the present by knowing the rise and fall of
the rulers, government and empire.
3. Makes a person’s life richer and fuller by giving meaning to the books he reads (especially history
books, the cities and metropolis he visits and the cultural performances he hears and listens to)
4. Broaden the person’s outlook in life by learning and understanding the various races, cultures,
idiosyncrasies, habits, rituals, ceremonies, etc. of the making of contemporary society of the
diverse forces of the past
THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY

5. Enable a person to grasp his relationship with the past

6. Helps social and political scientists or researchers engaged in research
7. History preserves the cultural values of a nation because it guides society in confronting
various crises. As Allen Nerins puts it, history is like a bridge that connects the past with the
present and “pointing the road to the future.”
RELEVANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY

“History is inescapable”
- Penelope J. Carfield

“all people are living histories- which is why history matters”

• Understanding Philippine history is essential to a good understanding of the condistion of

being human.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY SOURCES
• Primary sources: direct firsthand evidences regarding an
object person or work of art
Ex: Artifacts, Audio Recordings, Diaries, Internet
Communication, Interviews, Journal articles, Letters, Newspaper
articles, Original Documents, Patents, Photographs, Speeches,
Survey Reasearch, Video Recordings, Works of Art.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRIMARY
AND SECONDARY SOURCES
• Secondary Sources: analysis or a restatement of
primary sources.
Ex: Bibliographs, Biographical works, Commentatries,
Criticisms, Dictionaries, Encyclopedia, Histories, Journal
Articles, Magazine and newspaper articles, Monographs,
Textbooks, Websites
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INTERNAL AND
EXTERNAL CRITICISM
• Internal Criticism: these seek to falsify or demonstrate a discontinuity with an idea by
hypothetically (and comprehensively) assuming its truth in order to prove some internal
inconsistency or contradiction with it.

• External Criticism: seek to falsify an idea without hypothetically assuming its truth.

Dr. Lyn Sims pointed out noted these 2 ways of interpreting data.
REPOSITORIES OF PRIMARY SOURCES

• National Archive of the Philippines: responsible for preserving and making the primary
information on Philippine History accessible to the public.
• The NAP contains 60 Million Documents spanning centuries from the Spanish Rule to the
Japanese Occupation.
• RA 9470 was filed on May 21, 2017 strengthening the record-keeping systems and
administration program for archival materials.
• Museums are primary sources easily available to the public.
• Republic Acts and other legislative statutes are archived by the Official Gazette published by
the National Printing Office.
• Repositories of Supreme Court Decisions are the Philippine Reports, citations of books,
treatises, pleadings, and court decisions are found in the Supreme Court Reports Annotated.
ACTIVITY

• Whys is Herodotus considered as the “Father of History”? Describe his life, works, and
achievements. (30 points)
ANALYSIS OF
SELECTED PRIMARY
SOURCES
CHAPTER 2 LESSON 1
CONTENT ANALYSIS

• A research method for studying primary sources.

• One key advantage of using content analysis to analyze social
phenomena is its non-invasive nature, in contrast to simulating
social experiences or collecting survey answers.
• Involves systematic reading or observation of text and artifacts
which are assigned labels to indicate the presence of interesting,
meaningful patterns.
• Computers are used today to automate labeling of documents.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
Klaus Krippendorf posted 6 questions to be addressed in every
content analysis:
1. Which data are analyzed?
2. How are the data defined?
3. From what population are the data drawn?
4. What is the most relevant context?
5. What are the boundaries of the analysis?
6. What is to be measured?
CONTENT ANALYSIS

• The simplest and most objective forms of doing content analysis are
the unambiguous characteristics of the text.
• Analysis of simple word frequencies is limited because the meaning
of a word depends on the surrounding text.
• Understanding the historical context of a primary source is critical
for understanding the attitudes and influences that shaped the
creation of primary sources.
CONTENT ANALYSIS

There are 5 charactersitics to look for when selecting primary sources that the students will be
able to place in historical context:
1. Bibliographic Information
2. Creator name and creation/publication date
3. Time and topic under study in your classroom
4. Contextual Clues
5. Extraneous markings or annotations
CONTENT ANALYSIS

Here are some specific questions to ask in analyzing primary sources:

1. What kind of document do you have? Is it a treatise letter? A manuscript or a printed
document?
2. Was it published? When and where?
3. Who is the author? What position, role, reputation, status, did the author have at the time of
writing?
4. Is the author well-known today or at the time of writing?
5. uWho is the [uu