RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM
Seventh grade Science
Learning objective 2
Third term 2020
 Biblical Principle
 Praise the LORD!

Psalm 150:6

6 “Everything that breathes, praise the LORD!

UNDERSTANDING HOW ANIMALS BREATHE

Breathing is the physical action of taking air in to the system

and releasing gaseous waste.
All animals must exchange gases between themselves and their
environment on a continual basis.
There are four types of gas exchange systems:
 Integumentary exchange, which occurs through the skin
 Gills, which exchange gases in water environments
 Tracheal systems, which are used by insects
 Lungs, which are found in land animals
 INTEGUMENTARY EXCHANGE
 
 The integument is the skin or surface of an animal.
Very small animals and a few larger animals that live in
moist environments use this type of gas exchange.
Worms are an example.

 Earthworms have capillaries right under their “skin.”

As the worms move through the soil, they loosen the
soil, which creates air pockets. The worms take in
oxygen from the air pockets and release carbon dioxide
right through their outer surface. However, to be able
to exchange gases directly with their environment,
earthworms must stay moist.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l-zc_1vjLnI
 GOING OVER GILLS
 Animals that live in water have gills, which are
 
extensions of their outer membranes. The membranes
in gills are very thin, which allows gas exchange
between the water that flows over them. Capillaries
connect to the cells in the gills so that gases can be
taken in from the water and passed into the
bloodstream of the aquatic animal.
https://www.dkfindout.com/us/animals-and-nature/fish/how-fish-breathe/
 Tracheal exchange systems
 Some insects have air tubes that open to the outside
of their body. This network of tubes is called a
trachea; the holes that open to the outside surface
are called spiracles. (In humans, the trachea is a
tube that carries air down into the lungs.)

 In a tracheal exchange system, oxygen diffuses

directly into the trachea, and carbon dioxide exits
out through the spiracles.
 
 THE LUNGS OF LAND ANIMALS
 Lungs may be different shapes and sizes in various land animals,
but they function essentially the same as they do in humans.
 Reptiles and Amphibians

 Reptiles and amphibians have lungs and exchange gases in the capillaries like
mammals, but there are some differences in how they ventilate their
respiratory systems.

 Reptiles don’t typically breathe the same way as mammals, since many
reptiles lack a diaphragm. Reptiles use their axial muscles, the ones attached
to their ribs, to expand their ribcage for breathing. During periods of intense
activity, reptiles might be forced to hold their breath, as they use those
muscles for running away.
 Some reptiles get around this by buccal
pumping while they run. Buccal pumping is when an
animal uses the muscles of the mouth and throat to
pull air into the lungs. Throat muscles then pump and
move the floor of the mouth up in a way that’s visible
from the outside.
 This forces air out of the mouth and into the lungs.
This is what amphibians do, by puffing up their
chinny-chin-chins to get the air in. Look at this frog's 
constantly moving throat .

 Apart from their capillaries, amphibians perform gas

exchange directly through their skin. This works for
them because their skin has lots of blood vessels very
close to the permeable skin surface.
Class Activity
 Make a spider map in with you summarize
respiration in animals.