Random

Sampling
Angelo dela Paz
Kaye Mendoza
Lira Reyes
Random Sampling
 Random sampling is a part of the sampling technique in
which each sample has an equal probability of being chosen. A
sample chosen randomly is meant to be an unbiased
representation of the total population.
 If for some reasons, the sample does not represent the
population, the variation is called a sampling error. 
Types of Random Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling
 Systematic Sampling
 Stratified Sampling
 Cluster or Area Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
A sampling technique in which every element of the
population has the same probability of being selected for
inclusion in the sample.

Ways of doing simple random sampling:

 Table of Random Numbers
This table contains rows and columns of
mechanically generated digits.
Simple Random Sampling
 Lottery Method.
Each element of the population members is assigned a unique
number. The numbers are placed in a bowl and thoroughly mixed.
Then, a blind-folded researcher selects the required number of papers.
Population members having the selected numbers are included in the
sample.
Simple Random Sampling
 Simple Random Sampling With Replacement
Sampling with replacement is a method of random sampling in
which members or items of the population can be chosen more than
once for inclusion in the sample.
 Simple Random Sampling Without Replacement

Sampling without replacement is a method of random sampling in

which members or items of the population can only be selected one
time for inclusion in the sample.
Example1:
A researcher wants to study the effects of social media
on Grade 11 students in Manila Mathematics High
School. He wishes to use the simple random sampling
technique in choosing the members of his sample. If there
are 1,000 Grade 11 students in the school, how many
students should there be in his sample? Use 5% as the
margin of error.
Solution
 Slovin’sformula (Lottery Method):
n= N .
1+ Ne2
Where: n = number of samples needed
N = Population size
e = margin of error
Solution n= N
1 + Ne2
N= 1000
e = 5% or 0.05 n= 1000
1 + (1000)(0.05)2
n= 285.7 or 286
Example 2:
A Grade 11 student wants to make a study on the opinions
of Grade 8 students concerning the use of the Filipino
language in the teaching of mathematics. There are 510 Grade
8 students. She wants to interview only 10% of the Grade 8
students in the school where the study is to be conducted. If
you were a student, how are you going to do it by using a
Table of Random Numbers?
Solution:
1. Multiply 510 by 10% to obtain the members of the sample
(510 x 0.1 = 51). The number of students is a 3-digit number;
therefore, assign a 3-digit number to each of the 510 students
2. Randomly select a starting number from the table. If the
table of random numbers contains 5-digit numbers, consider
only the last 3 digits, since the total number of students in the
study is 510 which is a 3-digit number. Move don columns
selecting the appropriate number.
Illustration
 52467 – 1 (1st member of the sample)
 16386 – 2 (2nd member of the sample)
 14534 – (omit since 534 > 510)
 23610 – (omit since 610>510)
 45217 – 3(3rd member of the sample)
Systematic sampling
 A random sampling technique in which a list of elements
of the population is used as a sampling frame and the
elements to be included in the desired sample are selected
by skipping through the list at regular intervals.
 k= N where: k = sample interval
n N = population size
n = sample size
Example 3
 In a group of 250 students, how will you select a sample
containing 71 students by using systematic sampling
technique?
Solution
1. Prepare a sampling frame by randomly arranging the 250
students.
2. Assign each student a number 1 to 250.
Solution
3. Find the sampling interval k. Divide the population size 250
by the sample size 71.
k= N
n
k= 250
71
k=3.52 or 4
Solution
4. Select a number from the hole numbers between 0 and k+1
are 1,2,3, and 4. This chosen value is called as the random start
5. Assume that the randomly selected is 2. Use 2 as the starting
number.
6. Select every 4th student from the sampling frame starting from
the 2nd student.

The numbers of the sample will be 2, 6, 10, 14, 18…

Stratified Sampling
A random sampling technique in which the
population is first divided into strata and then the
samples are randomly selected separately from each
stratum.
Example
Marcela, a statistics student wants to determine who care
more about their physical appearances, the male or the female
students. She wants to limit her study to grade 10 students. There
are uneven no of grade 10 students: 340 are male and 500 are
female. She wants her sample to consist of 50 students.
Solution
Population N=840 No. of students per Sample n= 50
stratum
Male 340 20
Female 500 30
Total 840 50

Compute the sample size in each gender group:

a) Male: 340
x 50 = 20.24 or 20
840
a) Female: 500
x 50 = 29.76 or 30
840
Cluster or Area Sampling
 A random sampling technique in which the entire
population is broken into small groups, or clusters,
and then, some of the clusters are randomly selected.
The data from the randomly selected clusters are the
ones that are analyzed.
Cluster or Area Sampling
 The difference of the cluster sampling from the
stratified sampling is that the sample consists of
elements from the selected clusters only while in
stratified sampling, the sample consists of the
elements from all the strata.
Example

 A researcher wants to determine who among the

families in a small town are using the new
detergent product. How is she going to do this
using the cluster sampling technique?
Solution
1. Divide the population into clusters. Use barrios as clusters.
2. Not all the barrios of the town will be included in the sample.
Choose the final barrios by using either the simple random
sampling or a systematic sampling technique.
3. Not all the families in each selected barrio will be included in the
study. Select the final families to be included in the sample by
using either a simple random sampling or a systematic random
sampling technique
 FYI
 LeonardHenry Caleb Tippett, an English statistician and
known professionally as L. H. C. Tippett published
“Random Sampling Numbers” in 1927 and thus invented
the Random Number Table
Quiz
1. A part of the sampling technique in which each sample has
an equal probability of being chosen.
2. This table contains rows and columns of mechanically
generated digits.
3. A random sampling technique in which the entire
population is broken into small groups and then, some of
the groups are randomly selected.

Cluster sampling Systematic Sampling

Table of Random Numbers Random Sampling
4. A random sampling technique in which the desired sample are selected
by skipping through the list at regular intervals.
5. A random sampling technique in which the population is first divided
into strata and then the samples are randomly selected separately from
each stratum.

Stratified Sampling Systematic Sampling

Simple Random Sampling
6-10. Stratified Sampling:
Zeyn wants to determine which grade level is more
organized with their belongings. He limits his study into 4 grade
levels: Grade 7, 8, 9, and 10. There are uneven number of
students. There are 246 Grade 7 students, 183 Grade 8 students,
154 Grade 9 students, and 197 Grade 10 students. His sample
should only consist of 90 students.
Answers
1. Random Sampling 6-10 No. of No. of
students Samples
2. Table of Random Grade 7 246 28
Numbers Grade 8 183 21
3. Cluster Sampling Grade 9 154 18
4. Systematic Sampling Grade 10 197 23
Total 780 90
5. Stratified Sampling