By

Mr. Satish S.P. Upadhyay

M.Sc.(computer science)
A Grammar is set of rules for writing a language.

Every Language has its own set of grammars.

By Grammars we can know how to write , read and

speak a language purely.
Alphabets: English letters A,B,--------------------Z are
known as alphabets.

Alphabets are of 2 types:

1) Vowels

 2) Consonants.
 Alphabets
Total 26

Consonant(Except
Vowel(a,e,i,o,u) all vowels.)
Total 05 Total 21
Words: When two or more alphabets join together to
form a meaningful thing is known as Word:

Sentence: When two or more words join together to

form a meaningful thing is known as sentence.

Paragraph: When two or more sentence join

together to form a meaningful thing is known as
paragraph.

These together form a language known as English

English words are divided into parts of speech.
There are total 8 parts of speech:-

Noun: Noun is the name of person , place or thing.

E.g.:- Sat, Himalaya, boy, class, village.
 
Pronoun: Pronoun are those words which comes at the place of noun.

E.g.:- He, she, It, They

1)Ram goes to market. He brought vegetables from the market.

.
 
3)Adjective: Adjectives are those words which
modifies noun or pronoun.
E.g.: clever, good, bad.
 
4)Verb: Verb is an action.
E.g.:- sleep, go, come, see.
 
5)Adverb: Adverbs are those words which modifies
Verb.
E.g.:- Gradually, Slowly.
6)Prepositions: Prepositions are those words which
comes before noun or pronoun and shows the
relation with other noun or pronoun in the sentence.
Eg:- of, on, in, with, from. Etc.
 
7)Conjunction: Conjunctions are those words which
combine or join two sentences or two words.
Eg: as well as , and.
 
8)Interjection: Interjection are those words which
show the sudden feeling of heart.
Eg: Hurrah!, Oh!
2.Sentence
 
There are five types of sentences but we have only to
read only 4 in our syllabus.
Types of sentences:
1)Assertive sentence
2)Interrogative sentence
3)Exclamatory sentence
4)Imperative sentence.
5) Optative sentence.
1)Assertive Sentence: They are of 2 types
Affirmative or simple sentence:
Eg: I go to market.
Negative sentence
Eg: I do not go to market.

2)Interrogative sentence: It’s a type of sentence where

questions are asked.
They are also of 2 types
(a) Yes/No type= Where answer of question will be only in
yes or no.
(b) Wh type= Where Questions will asked with wh word
and have an full answer.
 
3) Exclamatory sentence: It shows the sudden feeling
of the heart.
Eg: How clever she is!
 
4) Imperative sentence= Where sentence is asked in
the form of order or request. Normally no subject is
present or subject is hidden in the imperative
sentence.
E.g.: Give me a glass of water.
 
5) Optative sentence: where sentence is in the form
of prayer or wish.
Eg: May god bless you.
 Tense Present Past Future

Type
Indifinite Do, Does Did Will, Shall
Verb 2nd Form First form of Verb
VerbIst Form +
s or es

Continuous Is, am are Was, were Will be, Shall be

Verb Ist form + Verb Ist form + Verb Ist form +
ing ing ing

Perfect Has, Have Had Will have, Shall

Verb 3rd form Verb 3rd form Have
Verb 3rd form

Perfect Has been, Have Had been Will have been

Continuous been VerbIst form + ing Shall have been
Verb Ist form + Time-since/for VerbIst form + ing
ing Time-since/for
There are two types of Voice:
VOICE IS SOMETHING WHICH WE NORMALLY
SPEAK.

VOICE IS OF FOLLOWING TWO TYPES:-

SUBJECT
OBJECT
Format of Active voice sentence:

Subject+ helping verb+ main verb+ object +

remaining words.
Format of Passive voice sentence:

Object+ helping verb+ main verb(IIIrd form) + by

+subject + remaining words.
1) Identify the voice and tense of the sentence.
2)Interchange the Subject and object
3)Use Helping verb of passive voice chart which is given
below.
4)Use only IIIrd form of verb in passive voice.
5)Use By before subject and Remaining words after
verb or after subject.
6)Use To at the place of by for the verb know.
 
 PASSIVE VOICE HELPING VERB CHART :-
TENSE PRESENT PAST FUTURE

TYPES
INDEFINITE IS,AM ,ARE WAS ,WERE WILL BE ,SHALL BE
(SIMPLE) IIIrd FORM IIIrd FORM IIIrd FORM

CONTINUOUS IS BEING,ARE WAS BEING,WERE

BEING, AM BEING BEING NO
IIIrd FORM IIIrd FORM CHANGE

PERFECT HAS BEEN,HAVE HAD BEEN WILL HAVE

BEEN IIIrd FORM BEEN,SHALLHAVE
IIIrd FORM BEEN
IIIrd FORM

PERFECT
CONTINUOUS NO NO NO
CHANGE CHANGE CHANGE
Use helping verb be with following modal auxiliary
verbs
(can,could,will,shall,would,should,may,might,
Ought to)
Assertive sentence are taken as first type of passive voice.
Examples:
 
I (subject) was(H.v.) writing(M.verb) a letter(object).

Ans: A letter was being written by me.

So students it’s a Cadbury chocolate offer for u..

Bhaurao was admitted in jain’s hostel run by

orthodox jain community.
 They admitted Bhaurao in jain’s hostel run by
orthodox jain community.
 Imperative sentence are taken as 2nd type of p.v.
They start directly with verb(subject is hidden

Format of Imperative sentence’s p.v.

Let + object + be + VIIIrd form + + Remaining word.

Example:
Give(verb) me (obj.) a glass of water(rem.word).
 

Ans: Let I be given a glass of water.

Or
Ans:- Let a glass of water be given to me.
EXAMPLE FOR STUDENTS:-

KNOW THE SUBJECT MATTER

LET THE SUBJECT MATTER KNOWN TO YOU.