Part – B

Mechanical Engineering
 Overview
Thermal Power Plant

Hydro-electric Power Plant

Nuclear Power Plant

Diesel Engine Power Plant

Gas Power Plant

Pumps

Turbines
Basic Power Plant
Thermal Power Plant
Thermal Power Station
Thermal Power Station
Thermal Power Station
Coal Storage Yard
Boilers
Air Preheater
Economizer
Feed Pump
 Working Principle

Also called Steam Power Plant

ELECTRICAL
ENERGY

FUEL BOILER TURBINE COUPLING GENERATOR

CHEMICAL HEAT MECHANICAL ELECTRICITY

ENERGY ENERGY ENERGY
Layout
 Layout
4 Circuits completes the Layout

Coal & Ash Circuit

Air & Flue Gas Circuit

Feed Water & Steam Circuit

Cooling Water Circuit

 Layout

Circuit No:1 Coal & Ash Circuit

Coal Storage Yard

Ash Storage Yard

Circuit No:2 Air & Flue Gas Circuit

Economizer

Air Preheater
 Layout

Circuit No:3 Feed Water & Steam Circuit

Steam Turbine
Electric Generator
Condenser

Circuit No:4 Cooling Water Circuit

Cooling Tower
Hydro-Electric Power Plant
Hydel Power Station
Hydel Power Station
Hydel Power Station
Spill Way
Penstock Pipes
Pelton Wheel Turbine
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
 Working Principle

POTENTIAL
ENERGY
DAM ELECTRICAL
ENERGY
PENSTOCK TURBINE COUPLING GENERATOR
PIPE

KINETIC MECHANICAL
ENERGY ENERGY ELECTRICITY
 Classification

Head of Water Head in m Turbine Used

High Head Power Plant > 70 PELTON WHEEL
Medium Head Power 15 to 70 FRANCIS
Plant
Low Head Power Plant < 15 FRANCIS / KAPLAN
Hydel Power Station
Layout
 Layout

Catchment area
Water reservoir
Head race level
Dam
Gate valve
Penstock pipe
Surge tank
Waterway
Water turbine
Draft tube
Tail race and tail race level
Power house
Nuclear Power Plant
Nuclear Power Station
Nuclear Power Station
 Working Principle

NUCLEAR
ENERGY
NUCLEAR ELECTRICAL
REACTOR ENERGY
STEAM
TURBINE COUPLING GENERATOR
GENERATOR

HEAT MECHANICAL
ENERGY ENERGY ELECTRICITY
Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear Reactor
 Types of Reactors

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)

Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR)

Heavy Water Cooled Reactor

Gas Cooled Reactor

Sodium Graphite Reactor (SGR)

Layout
Layout
 Layout
Nuclear Reactor – Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

Steam Generator or Boiler or Heat Exchanger

Feed Pump

Steam Turbine

Condenser

Cooling Tower
Diesel Engine Power Plant
 Working Principle

CHEMICAL
ENERGY

DIESEL TANK ELECTRICAL

ENERGY
DIESEL
COUPLING GENERATOR
ENGINE

AIR TANK MECHANICAL

ENERGY ELECTRICITY
Layout
 Layout
Diesel Engine

Engine Starting System

Fuel System

Air Intake System

Exhaust System

Engine Cooling System

Engine Lubricating System

Governing System
Diesel Engine – Section View
Diesel Engine
Diesel Engine
Air Filter
Silencer
Gas Turbine Power Plant
 Working Principle

AIR
CHEMICAL
ENERGY

COMPRESSOR FUEL ELECTRICAL

ENERGY
COMBUSTION
TURBINE COUPLING GENERATOR
CHAMBER
HEAT MECHANICAL
ENERGY ENERGY ELECTRICITY
Layout
 Layout
Low Pressure (LP) Air Compressor

Intercooler

High Pressure (HP) Air Compressor

Regenerator

Combustion Chamber

High Pressure Turbine (HPT)

Low Pressure Turbine (LPT)

Reheating Combustion Chamber (RCC)

Turbines
 Turbine Introduction
Definition
A turbine is a rotary engine that extracts energy from a fluid
or air flow and converts it into useful work.
The simplest turbines have one moving part, a rotor
assembly, which is a shaft or drum, with blades attached.
Moving fluid acts on the blades, or the blades react to the
flow, so that they move and impart rotational energy to the
rotor.
Examples
Steam Turbines
Hydraulic Turbines
Gas Turbines
Wind Turbines
 Classification
Impulse Type Reaction Type
 Classification
Impulse Type Reaction Type
Classification
 Classification
Steam Turbines

Impulse Type

De Laval Impulse Turbine

Reaction Type

Parson’s Reaction Turbine

 Classification
Hydraulic Turbines

Impulse Type

Pelton wheel Turbine

Reaction Type

Francis Turbine

Kaplan Turbine
Pelton Wheel Turbine
Pelton Wheel Turbine
Francis Turbine
Francis Turbine
Kaplan Turbine
Pumps
 Introduction

Pump
It is a Hydraulic Machine – driven by a Motor
It Converts Mechanical Energy into Hydraulic Energy by
Rotating or Reciprocating Motion

Applications
Feed Water Pump
Sewage Pump
Condensate Pump
Lubricating Oil Pump in IC Engines
Pumps in Irrigation Purposes
 Types of Pumps

Positive Displacement Pump

Reciprocating Pump

Rotodynamic Pump

Centrifugal Pump
 Reciprocating Pump
Types

Based on the Contact of Liquid on Piston

Single Acting Reciprocating Pump

Double Acting Reciprocating Pump

Based on the Number of Cylinders

Single Cylinder Reciprocating Pump

Double Cylinder Reciprocating Pump

Single Acting Reciprocating Pump
Double Acting Reciprocating Pump
 Centrifugal Pump - Types
Based on the Type of Casing

Volute Casing

Vortex Casing

Diffuser Casing

Based on the Number of Stages

Single Stage

Multi - Stage
 Centrifugal Pump - Types
Based on the Types of Impellers

Single Suction Impeller

Double Suction Impeller

Based on the Shape of the Vanes (Blades) of Impellers

Radial Flow Impeller

Axial Flow Impeller

Mixed Flow Impeller

Pump Impeller
Pump Impeller
Pump Impeller
Pump Impeller
Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pump
Volute Casing Centrifugal Pump
 Cavitation
Definition
Liquid subjected to pressure lower than its vapour pressure,
it boils and vapour bubbles are produced.
These bubbles produce shock waves and eats away the
metal where it occurs.

Effects
Cavity occurs
Noise and Vibration
Output Power and Efficiency get reduced

Precautions
Cavitation Resistant Materials – Stainless Steel (SS)
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
Cavitation Damage
Cavitation Damage
 Part – B
Mechanical Engineering
 Overview
Engines – Classification

Engine Parts

Four Stroke Petrol Engine

Four Stroke Diesel Engine

Two Stroke Petrol Engine

Two Stroke Diesel Engine

 Engines - Classification

HEAT ENGINES

EXTERNAL INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE COMBUSTION ENGINE
 Introduction

External Combustion Engine (E.C.Engine)

COMBUSTION takes place OUTSIDE the Engine

Steam Power Plant - Combustion takes place in Boiler

Internal Combustion Engine (I.C.Engine)

COMBUSTION takes place INSIDE the Engine

Petrol Engines and Diesel Engines
 Engines - Classification

IC ENGINES

PETROL ENGINE DIESEL ENGINE

4 STROKE 2 STROKE 4 STROKE 2 STROKE

ENGINE ENGINE ENGINE ENGINE
I.C.Engine Parts
I.C.Engine Parts
I.C.Engine Parts
I.C.Engine Parts
I.C.Engine Parts
 I.C.Engine Terminology
Cylinder Bore

Stroke or Stroke Length

Top Dead Center (TDC) or Inner Dead Center (IDC)

Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or Outer Dead Center (ODC)

Compression Ratio

Stroke Volume or Swept Volume or Displacement Volume

Clearance Volume

Air – Fuel Ratio

 I.C.Engine Terminology cont…
Indicated Horse Power (I.H.P.)

Brake Horse Power (B.H.P.)

Friction Horse Power (F.H.P.)

Thermal Efficiency

Mechanical Efficiency

Brake Thermal Efficiency

Volumetric Efficiency
 Four Stroke’s
Suction Stroke

Compression Stroke

Expansion or Power or Working Stroke

Exhaust Stroke

1 Power Stroke in every 4 Strokes

or
1 Power Stroke in 2 Revolutions of the Crank
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
Four Stroke Petrol Engine
Four Stroke Petrol Engine - Animation
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Diesel Engine
Four Stroke Diesel Engine - Animation
 Two Stroke’s
Suction Stroke
First Stroke
Compression Stroke

Expansion Stroke or Power Stroke or

Working Stroke
Second Stroke
Exhaust Stroke

1 Power Stroke in every 2 Strokes

or
1 Power Stroke in 1 Revolutions of the Crank
Two Stroke Petrol Engine
Two Stroke Petrol Engine - Animation
Two Stroke Diesel Engine
 4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke
S.NO DETAILS
1 No of Strokes/Cycles
2 No of Revolutions/Cycles
3 Power Stroke and
Power Output
4 Torque
5 Weight of the Engine
6 Operating Temperature
7 Lubrication and Cooling
Requirement
8 Fuel Consumption
FOUR STROKE ENGINE
4 strokes per cycle
2 1
1 power stroke for 2
revolution. Hence, power
output for the same size of
the engine is less
Not uniform
Weight of engine is more
for the same power output
Less
Consumption of lubricating
oil is less. Cooling
requirement is less
Less
TWO STROKE ENGINE
2 Strokes per cycle
1 power stroke per
revolution. Hence, power
output for the same size
of the engine is more
Uniform
Weight of engine is less
for the same power
output
More
Lubricating oil
consumption is more.
Special piston cooling is
necessary
More
 4 Stroke Vs 2 Stroke cont…
S.NO DETAILS FOUR STROKE ENGINE
9 Thermal Efficiency High thermal efficiency.
Part load efficiency better
than two-stroke engine
TWO STROKE ENGINE
Low thermal efficiency.
Part load efficiency better
than four-stroke engine

10 Valves/Ports Contain valves Contain ports

11 Initial Cost High, due to heavy weight Low, due to heavy weight
and complication of valve and absence of valve
mechanism. mechanism.

12 Wear and Tear Less More

13 Noise Less More
14 Uses Used for slow speed high Used for high speed low
power applications, i.e., in power applications, i.e.,
cars, buses, tractors, scooter, motorcycles, lawn
aeroplanes, power movers,etc.
generation, etc.
Carburetor
Carburetor
Fuel Injector
Spark Plug
Spark Plug
Gear Box
Gear Box
Gear Box
Battery
 Part – B
Mechanical Engineering
 Overview
Refrigeration
Terminologies

Vapour Compression System

Vapour Absorption System

Domestic Refrigerator – Working

Air Conditioning
Terminologies

Window Type Air Conditioner

Split Type Air Conditioner

 Refrigeration - Introduction
Refrigeration
The process of removing heat continuously from a body to
reduce its temperature lower than that of its surrounding
atmosphere and maintaining it by continuously absorbing the
heat.
Refrigerator
An equipment used for producing and maintaining the
temperature in a closed space below the surrounding
atmospheric temperature.
Refrigerant
It is the working fluid in the refrigerator.
It absorbs heat from the space inside the refrigerator to
keep it cool at a temperature less than the atmospheric
temperature.
It absorbs heat quickly and in large quantities.
 Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law

“Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed. It can be

transformed from one form into other.”

Second Law

“It is impossible for heat energy to flow from a body at a

lower temperature to a body at a higher temperature without
the aid of an external work.”
 Properties of Refrigerants
Thermodynamic Properties
Low Boiling Point
Low Freezing Point
High Latent Heat of Evaporation
Condenser & Evaporator Pressure
High Coefficient of Performance
Physical Properties
Low Viscosity
Specific Heat
Low Specific Volume
Leakage
Non – Explosive
Resistance to Electricity
 Properties of Refrigerants cont…
Chemical Properties
Action with Water
Action with Lubricating Oil
Chemical Stability
Odorless & Colorless

Safe Working Properties

Inflammability
Non – Toxic
Non - Corrosiveness
 Refrigerants

Ammonia NH3

Freon – 12

Freon – 22

Carbon di-oxide (CO2)

Sulphur di-oxide (SO2)

Air
 Refrigeration - Terminology

Refrigerating Effect

Ton of Refrigeration

Unit of Refrigeration

Coefficient of Performance (COP)

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATION
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATION

When a substance changes PHASE, that is it goes from

either a solid to a liquid or liquid to gas, the energy, it
requires energy to do so. The potential energy stored in the
inter atomics forces between molecules needs to be
overcome by the kinetic energy the motion of the particles
before the substance can change phase.

If we measure the temperature of the substance which is

initially solid as we heat it we produce a graph.
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION AND VAPORIZATION
 Starting a point A, the substance is in its solid phase, heating it brings
the temperature up to its melting point but the material is still a solid at
point B.
 As it is heated further, the energy from the heat source goes into
breaking the bonds holding the atoms in place. This takes place from
B to C.
 At point C all of the solid phase has been transformed into the liquid
phase.
 Once again, as energy is added the energy goes into the kinetic
energy of the particles raising the temperature, (C to D).
 At point D the temperature has reached its boiling point but it is still in
the liquid phase.
 From points D to E thermal energy is overcoming the bonds and the
particles have enough kinetic energy to escape from the liquid.
 The substance is entering the gas phase.
 Beyond E, further heating under pressure can raise the temperature
still further is how a pressure cooker works.
 Types of Refrigerating Systems

Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System

Air Refrigeration System

Electro – Lux Refrigeration System

 Refrigerator – Main Parts

Evaporator or Cooling Coil

Compressor

Condenser

Expansion Valve or Throttling Valve or Capillary Tube

Thermostat Switch
Vapour Compression Refrigeration System
Domestic Refrigerator - Working
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration System
 Air Conditioning - Introduction

Definition
It is defined as the simultaneous control of the temperature of
air, humidity of air, purity of air and motion of air for the
purposes of human comfort, food processing and industrial
purposes
 Differences

Refrigeration
The method of lowering down the temperature of a closed
space to a value much less than that of its surrounding
atmosphere.

Air Conditioning
The method of controlling the temperature of a closed space to
bring it to a value less or greater than that of its surrounding
atmosphere.

Air cooling
It provides only a flow of cool filtered air.
 Air Conditioning - Terminology
Psychrometry

Atmospheric Air

Dry Air

Moisture

Moist Air

Saturated Air

Degree of Saturation
 Air Conditioning – Terminology cont…
Humidity

Relative Humidity

Absolute Humidity

Temperature Humidity Index (T.H.I)

Dry Bulb Temperature (D.B.T)

Wet Bulb Temperature (W.B.T)

Air Purity

Air Movement and Circulation

 Air Conditioning – Main Parts

Evaporator or Cooling Coil

Compressor

Condenser

Expansion Valve or Throttling Valve or Capillary Tube

Window or Room Air Conditioner
Window or Room Air Conditioner
Window or Room Air Conditioner
Window or Room Air Conditioner
Window or Room Air Conditioner
Window or Room Air Conditioner
Split Type Room Air Conditioner
BOILERS
Cochran Boiler
Locomotive Boiler
Babcock & Wilcox Boiler
Lanchasire Boiler
Cochran Boiler
Babcock & Wilcox Boiler
Lamont Boiler
Benson Boiler