Hypothesis

Testing
Charity I. Mulig
Variable
• A variable is any property
or quantity that can take
on different values.
• Variables may take on
discrete or continuous
values.
More on Variables…
Types of Variables Levels of
Measurement
1.Dependent 1.Nominal
2.Independent 2.Ordinal/Ranked
3.Extraneous 3.Interval
4.Ratio

• Derived/
Transformed
Branches of Statistics
Descriptive Inferential
Statistics Statistics
• Refers to the methods • Refers to the process of
of data collection, arriving at a conclusion
organization, about a population
classification, based on the
summarization and information obtained
presentation from a sample.
Descriptive
Statistics
Data Collection and Organization
1. Array is an arrangement of data from highest
to lowest or lowest to highest.
2. Ungrouped Frequency Distribution (aka
single-value grouping)
3. Grouped Frequency Distribution
Scoremax  Scoremin  1
classsize 
# of int ervals
Measures of Measures of Variability
Central
1. Range
Tendency
2. Mean Deviation
1. Mean n  Xi  X 
MD    
2. Median i 1  n 

3. Mode
3. Variance
4. Standard Deviation
n
X X  2

s 
i 1
i
n 1
Inferential
Statistics
 Parameter Statistic
– Is a number that – Is a number that
describes a describes a
characteristic of characteristic of
a population a sample
Hypothesis
Testing
Note:
Hypothesis is a prediction
based on a body of
knowledge, scientific
theory or observations.
Note:
After the hypothesis is
formulated, it has to be
tested to find out whether
it is true or false.
Note:
In hypothesis testing, we test our
prediction about one or more of
the population parameters that
will either be accepted or rejected
on the basis of the information
obtained from the sample.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
1. State, very clearly, the question you are
attempting to answer.
2. Identify the characteristic of the sample
and the variable in question.
3. Determine what appropriate statistical
test is to be used.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
4. State the null and alternative
hypothesis. Determine the level of
alpha at or below which you will reject
the null hypothesis.
5. Determine whether it is a two-way or
one-way test, for comparison of two
means.
Steps in Hypothesis Testing
6. Make the appropriate calculation. If
the probability (p-value) of obtaining
this calculated value is equal or smaller
than the preselected value of alpha,
reject the null hypothesis and accept
the alternative hypothesis.
 Parametric Non-parametric
Characteristics • normally distributed (mean  If any of the conditions in the
median) middle column is not met.
•Continuous
•Interval or ratio scale
Inferences on Two 1. Unpaired T-test (compares 2 1. Mann-Whitney Test
Means different groups)
2. Paired T-Test (comparing 2. Sign Test (used if data are not
results after an intervention on numerical)
a group) 3. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
(used if data is numerical)
Inference on Three 1. One-way ANOVA (for 1 1. Kruskal Wallis Test
or More Means independent variable)
2. Two-way ANOVA (2 2. Friedman Test
independent variables)
• data must be homogeneous with
respect to other characteristics
that may affect the results.
•Use post-hoc to compare each
pair of groups
 Parametric
Correlation Pearson’s r (needs numerical
data; indicates strength of
relationship)
• Random sample
• Normally distributed
• Interval or ratio
Other Tests
Chi-square Goodness Chi-Square Test Association
Test
•For all levels of •Uses a contingency table
Grp A B C
measurement
•Determine if the
distribution is normal or
binomial
Non-parametric
Spearman’s r (needs numerical
data; indicates strength of
relationship)
Fisher Exact Probability Test
•Used when there is a zero
value in the contingency table
•Used when more than 20% of
the values in the contingency
table is less than 5.

•No zero value in the

contingency table
•Not more than 20% have
values less than 5
Assumptions of ANOVA
• Each group is a random sample from the
population of interest.
• The measured variable is continuous.
• Measurement is in ratio or interval scale.
• The error variances are equal.
• The variable is approximately normally
distributed.
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More on Kruskall Wallis Test
• The sampled population have the same but
unspecified distribution with the possible
exception that one or more of the sampled
populations tend to have larger values than one
or more of the others.
• The sample represent random sample from their
respective populations.
• Measurement is on at least on an ordinal scale.
• The samples can be obtained from independent
populations.
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More on Correlation
• Used to determine if an association and
strength of association between two
variables exist
• Used to determine how strong an
association is
• Does not assume a cause-and-effect
association between variables.

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