Statistics and Health indicators

Presented by:
Roofen Julious
Subject : Community Health Nursing
22/04/2020
Aligarh College of Nursing

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 Objectives
After completing this lecture participants will be able
to:
• Define statistics and its branches.
• Describe the different health indicators

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 Statistics
Statistics: it is defined as body of procedures
and techniques which are used to collect,
process and analyze numerical data to make
inferences and to reach decisions in case of
uncertainty.
Statistics has a very important role in community
health nursing. It can be categorized into two
major groups:
• Vital statistics or Biostatistics
• Health statistics
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 Statistics
Vital statistics or Biostatistics: it is a branch of
statistics which is concerned with collecting of
data relating to vital events in human life.
These vital events includes:
• Population census
• Birth
• Death (mortality)
• Causes of death
• Marriage 4
 Statistics
Health statistics: health statistics is a branch of
statistics which is concerned with incidence of
disease (morbidity) in a community.
this information is essential for:
• Determination of the health status of
community
• Evaluation of existing health programmes
• Planning of future health programmes
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 Health Indicators
Health Indicators: the health indicators provide
information regarding the health status of the
community. They are the basic tools of
measurement of various health related events
in epidemiology. The health indicators should
be valid, reliable, sensitive and specific. They
are used for the assessment of health care
needs. They also used for allocation of
resources and evaluation of health services.

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 Health Indicators
The common health indicators are as follows:
1. Crude birth rate (CBR)
2. Crude death rate (CDR)
3. Infant mortality rate (IMR)
4. Perinatal mortality rate (PMR)
5. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR)
6. Maternal mortality rate (MMR)
7. Morbidity rate
8. Life expectancy
9. General fertilization rate (GFR) 7
 Health Indicators
Crude birth rate: it is defined as the number of live
birth in a year per thousand estimated mid year
population in a given area.
it is the total number of live births recorded at a place
during a specified time period divided by population
estimated at the mid interval for the same place
multiplied by 1000.
CBR = Number of live birth in a year * 1000
Midyear estimated population

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 Health Indicators
Crude death rate: it is defined as the number of
deaths in a calendar year per thousand
estimated midyear population in a given place.
CDR = Number of death during the year * 1000
Midyear estimated population

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 Health Indicators
Infant mortality rate: it is defined as the number of
infant deaths per thousand live births in one year in a
given area.
IMR = Number of infant deaths in a year * 1000
Total number of live birth in a year
Causes of infant mortality:
1. Immaturity
2. Birth injuries
3. Acute diarrheal disease
4. Acute respiratory infection 10
 Health Indicators
Significance of infant mortality rate: the infant
mortality rate has a special significance for the
community because it is traditionally used ad
an approximate measure of the sanitary and
medical standards of the community.

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 Health Indicators
Perinatal mortality rate: it is the sum of late fetal
deaths (after 28 weeks of pregnancy) and early
neonatal deaths (less then one week) in one year per
thousand live and still birth in a given area.
PMR = Late fetal deaths + early neonatal deaths * 1000
Total live birth + still birth in a year
Causes of Perinatal mortality:
1. low birth weight
2. Birth injuries
3. Neonatal infection
4. Congenital abnormalities 12
 Health Indicators
Neonatal mortality rate: it is defined as the number of
deaths of infant less than one month of age per
thousand live birth in a year in a given area.
NMR = Number of neonatal deaths in a year * 1000
Number of live birth in a year
Causes of neonatal mortality:
1. Birth injuries
2. Congenital abnormalities
3. Acute respiratory infection
4. Acute diarrheal diseases
5. Antepartum hemorrhage 13
 Health Indicators
Maternal mortality rate: it is defined as the
number of deaths of mothers due to pregnancy,
per thousand live births in year at given place.
NMR = Number of maternal deaths in a year * 1000
Number of live birth in a year

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 Health Indicators
Morbidity rate: morbidity rates are those rates that
express the frequency of illness. It include:
1. Incidence rate
2. Prevalence rate
Incidence rate: incidence rate measures the rates at
which new cases of a disease are occurring in a
population.
it is defined as the number of new reported cases of a
specific disease per 1000 population during a
specified time period.
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 Health Indicators
IR = Number of new cases of a disease in one year *1000
Population at risk
Use of incidence rate:
1. It is used to control disease
2. It is use for research into causes, pathogenesis, distribution of
diseases and efficacy of preventive and curative measure.
Prevalence rate: it is defined as the total number of old and new
cases of a disease at a particular time per 1000 population in a
given geographical area.
PR = No. of current cases (old + new) of disease * 1000
Population at risk
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 Health Indicators
Uses if prevalence rate:
1. It help to estimate the distribution of a disease in the
community.
2. It is useful for administrative and planning purposes.
General fertilization rate: it is the number of live
births in a year per thousand divided by midyear
female population of reproductive age (15-44).
GFR = Number of live births during the year * 1000
Mid year women population of reproductive age
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 Health Indicators
Life expectancy: expectation of life at a given
age is the average number of years which a
person of that age may expect to live
according to the mortality pattern in the
country. It is considered as one of the best
indicators of a country level of development
and overall health status of its population.
The life expectancy varies indifferent countries.
In Pakistan, it is 52 years. In china, it is 92
years. 18
 Uses of health statistics
The primary objective of healthcare system is to
improve the health of people.
• For this it is use to measure and summarize the
information.
• As regards the important facts related to health
and community we have this information in
numbers. This information may regarding
disease, their incidence, prevalence and may
be regarding birth rate, death rate etc.
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 Uses of health statistics
• Health statistics is very important and
useful for administration of community
health programme.
• Health statistics is helpful in identification
of health problem, causes of death and
incidence of disease.

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 Uses of health statistics
Some important uses of health statistics are
discussed bellow,
• Measurement of health status: the health
statistics are very important to indicate the
health status in a community. For example the
child mortality rate tells about the condition
of facilities available in the country for the
children.

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 Uses of health statistics
• Comparison of health status: it help in
comparison of health status with different
countries. For example, infant mortality rate
in Pakistan is above 100, where as it is less
than 10 in Britain.
• Planning: when we know the problem in a
community or when we have found out a
health problem in a community then we make
a plan to remove the problem.
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 Uses of health statistics
• Evaluation: when we complete a health
programme we evaluate it with the help of
statistics.

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 Sources of statistics
1.Census: it means counting of population
according to age, sex and some other facts.
Census is done every 10 year.
The population census is the total process
involved in the collection , completion and
publication of demographic, economic and
social data pertaining to all persons in a
country.

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 Sources of statistics
It includes the following information
Total population: all the development programmes are initiated
according to the total population.
Sex ratio: male female ratio is important. This has effect on
marriage rate and population growth.
Age: this tells us how much working population is available.
Marital status: this important for socio-economic studies.
Education: this tells about literacy rate in a country.
Urban and rural population: in is important for planning social
welfare needs.
Language: it give information regarding the different languages
being used in our country. 25
 Sources of statistics
2. Registration: registration of birth and death
rate are done in all countries. In Pakistan,
union council is responsible for this. From this
date we can calculate birth and death rate.
3. Notification: whenever a notifiable disease
occurs, the health authorities are informed so
that they may take necessary steps to control
the disease by epidemic measure .

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 Sources of statistics
Records: every thing regarding health is
recorded. Whatever is done in written weekly
report is sent to higher authorities. From this
records health statistic are calculated.
Health surveys: survey is done to find out the
health problem. A programme is made on
hypothesis, and questionnaire is made having
every thing regarding the hypothesis on the
survey study, such surveys provide a good
source of health statistics. 27