Disaster and ICT Systems in Japan

December 2012
Michiko Fukahori
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications
Japan
 Contents
Ⅰ. Disaster countermeasures and Great East Japan
disaster
Ⅱ. ICT systems which was effective in disaster situation
Ⅱ-1. Disaster Warning System
Ⅱ-2. Communications System
Ⅱ-3. Information Sharing
TV
Mobile TV
Radio
Data Broadcasting
Internet
Ⅱ-4. Research and Development - for the future

2
Ⅰ. Disaster countermeasures and
Great East Japan disaster

3
 Outline of the Disaster Management System
[National Level]
Prime Minster
| Formulation and promoting implementation of the Basic
Central Disaster Management Council Disaster Management Plans
|
Designated Government Organizations
Formulation and promoting implementation of the Basic
Designated Public Corporations
Disaster Operation Plans
[Prefectural Level]
Governor
| Formulation and promoting implementation of Local Disaster
Prefectural Disaster Management Council Management Plans
Designated Local Government Organizations
Designated Local Public Corporations

[Municipal Level]
Mayors of Cities, Towns and Villages
| Formulation and promoting implementation of Local Disaster
Municipal Disaster Management Council
Management Plans
[Residents level]

Designated Government Organizations

24 ministries and agencies

Designated Public Corporations

56 organizations including independent administrative agencies, Bank of Japan and gas companies and NTT
4
Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.8
 Organization of National Government

Central Disaster Management Council President

Prime Minister

Minister of State for

Ministers Chief Cabinet Secretary
Disaster Management

Cabinet Secretariat in
charge of security and
risk management

Ministries related to Disaster management,

disaster management Cabinet Office

Interact with each other

Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.9 5
 Structure of Basic Disaster Management Plan
Natural Disasters
Earthquake Disaster Storm and Flood Volcano Disaster Snow Disaster
Earthquake Disaster Storm and Flood Volcano Disaster Snow Disaster
Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures
Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures

Accident Disaster
Maritime Disaster Aviation Disaster Railroad Disaster Road Disaster
Maritime Disaster Aviation Disaster Railroad Disaster Road Disaster
Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures
Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures Countermeasures

Nuclear Disaster Hazardous Materials Disaster Large-scale Fire Forest Fire Disaster
Nuclear Disaster Hazardous Materials Disaster Large-scale Fire Forest Fire Disaster
Countermeasures Countermeasures Disaster Countermeasures Countermeasures
Countermeasures Countermeasures Disaster Countermeasures Countermeasures

(Addressing all the disaster phases)

Disaster Prevention and Disaster Emergency Disaster Recovery and

Preparedness Response Rehabilitation
(Tangible countermeasures to be taken by each stakeholder)

National Government Local Governments Residents

Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.11 6

 The number of victims (deaths and missing)
of disasters

Storm and Floods

Snowfall
Earthquake,
Volcano and
Tsunami

Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.2 7

 Earthquake in the vicinity of Japan

Date Earthquakes or Hypocenters

① 1982.3.21 Uraga-oki Earthquake
② 1993.1.15 Kushiro-oki Earthquake
Legend ③
○: Earthquakes with seismic intensity of 6 or greater
③ 1994.10.4 Hkkaido-Toho-oki Earthquake ～ : Active faults
②
④ 1994.12.28 Sanriku-Haruka-oki Earthquake
①
⑤ 1995.1.17 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake ⑬
⑥ 1997.5.13 Satsuma region in Kagoshima Prefecture
④
⑦ 1998.9.3 Northern region in Iwate Prefecture
⑧ 2000.7.1 Niijima and Kozushima Earthquake ⑦⑳
⑨ 2000.10.6 Western Tottori Earthquake ⑲
⑪
⑩ 2001.3.24 Geiyo Earthquake
⑫ ⑯
⑪ 2003.5.26 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake
⑫ 2003.7.26 Northern Miyagi Earthquake ⑰ ⑱⑭
⑬ 2003.9.26 Tokachi-oki Earthquake
⑭ 2004.10.23 Niigata-ken-Chuetsu Earthquake
㉑
⑮ 2005.3.20 Fukuoka-ken-Seihou-oki Earthquake ⑨ ⑤ ⑧
⑯ 2005.8.16 Miyagi-ken-oki Earthquake
⑮ ⑩
⑰ 2007.3.25 Noto-hanto Earthquake, 2007
⑱ 2007.7.16 Niigata-Chuetsu-oki Earthquake, 2007
⑲ 2008.6.14 Iwate-Miyagi Inland Earthquake, 2008
⑳ 2008.7.14 Northern coastal area of Iwate Prefecture
⑥
㉑ 2009.8.11 Suruga Bay
8
Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.24
 The Great East Japan Earthquake & Tsunami

- Date and Time: 11 March 2011 (FRI) 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC)
- Magnitude: 9.0 (the largest magnitude recorded in Japan’s history)
- Epicenter: N38.1, E142.9 (130km ESE off Oshika Peninsula) Depth 24km 　

JMA Seismic Intensity Miyako (Iwate)

Run-up height:38m*

Sendai

Tokyo Otsuchi (Iwate)

Run-up height:17m*

Epicenter

Fukushima nuclear power station Kesennuma (Miyagi)

Run-up height: 20m*
(Japan Meteorological Agency)

* The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami Joint Survey Group (http://www.coastal.jp/) 9

 The 3.11 Disaster

Miyako City,
Iwate Prefecture

10
 Summary of Damages
Great East Japan Great Hanshin
Earthquake (2011.3.11) Earthquake (1995.1.17)
Magnitude 9.0 7.3
Dead 15,835 6,434
Missing 3,669 3
Damaged
Houses 903,220 639,686

Damaged
Fishing Boats > 22,000 40

Damaged
Fishing Ports > 300 17

Damaged
Farmland 23,600ha 214ha

*1 As of November 7, 2011 (source: National Police Agency)

*2 As of November 24, 2011 (source: MAFF)
11
 Damage to Fixed Lines, Mobile Base Stations

Fixed-line Communications Mobile Communications

■　 In total, around 1.9 million communication ■　 In total, about 29,000 base stations were
lines were damaged. damaged.

Max. no. of damaged lines Max. no. of damaged base stations

15000
～
～

[Unit: fixed-line FTTH fixed-line FTTH fixed-line [base

phones phones ＋ ADSL phones stations
10,000
]
Lines]

12
 Emergence of Network Congestion
Fixed-line Communications
■ 　 Carriers restricted phone traffic by as much as
80 to 90 percent.*
* There was 4 to 9 times the normal volume of traffic (NTT East.)
Max. outgoing traffic restrictions
Mobile Communications
■ 　 Carriers restricted voice traffic by as much as 70 to 95
percent.*
■ 　 Packet traffic, however, was either not restricted or
restricted at a lower rate (0 to 30 percent) than voice
traffic.
* There was 50 to 60 times the normal volume of traffic (DoCoMo).
eMobile was not subject to restrictions.
Max. outgoing traffic restrictions
voice packet voice packet voice packet
13
 Locations of Damage to Mobile Networks

Base stations Backup generators

collapsed or backup
batteries ran out
NTT central office
(housing building)
ran out of fuel
NTT central office,
because of long
customer building, etc. power outages
(relay building)

Transmission line
relay station

Area A
Base
station
Communication cable RNC Trunk 　
exchange

Cables cut off or

duct destroyed

Area B 14
Revision to Technical Standards on Measures
for Countering Congestion and for Ensuring Important Communications

●Network design capacity and communications quality reporting, etc.

• Reporting to MIC of basic policy for network capacity and measures for usage restrictions and preferential treatment
of important communications.
• Regular actual measurement and reporting to MIC of communications quality (connection quality, etc.).
• Disclosure in appropriate form of information helpful to users on basic policy for network capacity and on measures
for usage restrictions.

●Analysis of communications status during usage restrictions

• Preservation and analysis of data on status of important communications and general communications during usage
restrictions in the event of disaster, and continuing review of network design capacity and implementation rules for
usage restrictions etc. and reporting thereof to MIC.

●Disclosure of congestion status

• Immediate disclosure of status of congestion and usage restriction in the event congestion occurs.
• Announcements and appeals to avoid making inessential and non-urgent calls and to keep call time as short as
possible, and to use communication methods other than voice calls, including emergency message services.

Extending the list of target institutions

for emergency priority calls Careful consideration based on a review of network design capacity

Introducing call length limits Issue for future study

Introducing phone calls with reduced sound quality Issue for future study 15
 Thanks for assistance from all over the world

Offers from 163 countries and regions, and 43 international organizations

Condolences expressed by more than 180 countries and regions,
and more than 60 international organizations
As of October 17,2011, survey by Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan
As of October 17,2011, survey by Ministry of Foreign Affairs Japan
 Ⅱ. ICT systems
which was effective in disaster situation

Ⅱ-1. Disaster Warning System

Ⅱ-2. Communications System

Ⅱ-3. Information Sharing

Ⅱ-4. Research and Development

　　　　　　　　　　　 - for the future 17
Ⅱ-1. Disaster Warning Systems

18
 Earthquake Early Warning System
Main-wave Disaster management
S-wave Organizations
P-wave
Immediate action against disasters
Ensure Safety of residents

Public Institutions
(hospitals, schools, etc. )
Ensure evacuation and safety

Use to reduce
damage
Residents
Fire prevention, evacuation

Japan
Meteorological
Agency Dissemination
Transportation, elevators, etc.
Emergency stop for safety

Earthquake Early Warning

Companies/Factories
Protection of workers and facilities against
disasters
Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.13 Backup of important data
19
 Early Warning Systems

Loud Speaker
National Government Roof-top Installation type
Japan Ministries and Agencies
Meteorological Related to Disaster Management
Agency

Ev

Local Governments
W tion
ac

ar
ua
nin ord

TV & Radio
gs ers

Early Evacuation
Loud Speaker
On-street Installation type

Public-relations vehicles
Indoor receivers (Official Vehicles)

Source: Cabinet Office, Disaster Management in Japan, p.14 20

 Information flow on Earthquake and Tsunami

Seismic data Japan

Gathering System Meteorological
Agency

EPOS
(Earthquake
4,200 sites around Japan. Phenomena
Observation
System)

21
 Monitoring earthquake activities
Seismic data Gathering System

4200 sites around Japan.

The earthquake monitoring system collates seismic
data coming from seismographs installed in 4200
locations throughout Japan. 22
Gathering and analyzing information on earthquake and tsunami

EPOS
（ Earthquake Phenomena Observation System ）

・ Analyzes the seismic data for Earthquake and Tsunami.

・ Announces Earthquake Warning alarm starting right after from
detection of the earthquake. 23
 Delivering Information on Earthquake and Tsunami
Fire and Disaster
Management Agency
Japan
Meteorological Administrative Organ
Agency Local Government
C
I
Telecom Carriers
T
Media
I
EPOS Lifeline carriers
(Earthquake Phenomena Z
Observation System) Transportation facilities
E
Japan Coast Guard
Earthquake or tsunami warnings are instantly N
delivered to central & local governments, Ministry for Land,
broadcasters, telecom carriers. infrastructure,
After receiving this warning, local government Transport and Tourism
deliver alarm through their sirens or (MLIT)
microphones. WEB 24
 Early Warning to Mobile Phones

Detection of
earthquake

Japan Meteorological
Agency

Earthquake Early Warning Process message

delivery

Mail Center

Disaster/ Evacuation information

From state/ local governments
- No monthly fee or telecommunication fee is charged 25
 Early Warning through Broadcasting System

Japan Broadcasting
Meteorological Station EEW
Agency (JMA)

Alert information in Program only

EWBS

EEW: Earthquake Early Warning

Alert information with
EWBS: Emergency Warning Broadcasting System “Switch-on” signal of receivers
Automatic activation !!
 Mobile television – Example 1 -
One-seg Mobile TV Saved Many Lives during the 3.11 Disaster
A huge earthquake struck on March 11 in the north-east area of Japan. Right after the end of the violent
shakes caused by the earthquake, Mr. Takahashi, Senior Managing Director of TOYO KNIFE, an
industrial cutlery company located in Miyagino district, Sendai City, immediately turned on the one-seg
TV function on his mobile phone in his office, to which the power supply was cut off.
He got an emergency warning alarm for a tsunami on his one-seg TV (mobile phone). Regrettably his
office was located very near the port (about 500m from Sendai-Shiogama Port), so he and other staff
did not have much time to evacuate, but 100 people managed to rush to a shelter on a hill.
By the time they arrived at the shelter (Tagajyo Public Cultural Center) at 3:30 pm, the TOYO KNIFE
office and factory had been completely destroyed by the long-lasting, huge tsunami.
Mr. Takahashi said “ We couldn’t watch TV because of the power cut, but we could get information on
the disaster quickly from our one-seg TVs.”
Note: the one-seg TV function on a mobile phone is powered by the phone’s battery

TOYO
KNIFE

２５０ｍ
Sendai-Shiogama Port
Miyagino district, Sendai City (after the huge tsunami waves)
(Summary from Sankei Shimbun (major Japanese national newspaper), June 24, 2011)
 Mobile television – Example 2 -

Two policemen saved 40 lives from the train with the tsunami warning alarm from
mobile TV(one-seg) right after the earthquake occurred at 14:46 on March 11,
2011.
They got a tsunami warning alarm from the passengers mobile phone with TV when
checking if everyone is fine in the train. They quickly decided to lead the 40
passengers to the hill to avoid the disaster of tsunami. All passengers were safely
evacuated from the tsunami area before the tsunami struck the train.

Derailed cars of train

Shinchi Station Pacific

Ocean
Route for
evacuation Track of Japan
railway Shinchi Station

Town hall of Shinchi

Passengers got
on the truck here
The hill

The cars of train derailed off the track by huge tsunami

waves. (March 12, 2011)
(Summary from Yomiuri Shimbun(Japanese major national news paper), March 29, 2011) 28
 Emergency system for high-speed train
Measuring equipment of
earthquake on railroad
Measuring equipment of
earthquake around coast Main-wave
S-wave
P-wave

P !!
O
EARTHQUAKE ST

Measuring control center

Equipment
of 　
earthquake

29
Ⅱ-2. Communications Systems

30
 Central Disaster Management
Radio Communications System

A Communications Satellite
ヘリテレ
Transmission of pictures
from helicopters

官邸
Prime Minister’s
( 災害対策本部 Office )
Real time pictures on the spot

Tachikawa Reserve Facility of

the Government Headquarters for
Disaster Management Designated
Public Corporation

Government
designated On-site Disaster
Management Headquarters
Prefecture
s
Tokyo
Metropolitan Area Designated Local
Ariake no Oka Core Wide-area Public Corporations
Disaster Prevention Base

Communications Network for

Local Disaster Management
Organizations
Communication Network Cabinet Office
for Disaster Management Organizations (Disaster Management)

Located Tachikawa Wide-area

Mobile equipment
Disaster Management Base Communications Network for
Disaster Management
Organizations in Central Tokyo
Source: Cabinet Office
31
Ⅱ-3. Information Sharing

 TV
 Mobile TV
 Radio
 Data Broadcasting
 Internet

32
 Media used at the time of earthquake
Immediately after the earthquake, the usefulness of mobile phones, mobile phone messages During the period from the occurrence of the earthquake until the end of
and terrestrial broadcasts received higher evaluation and at the end of April, the evaluation April, the websites and search sites of administrative agencies and news
media received higher evaluation At the time of
of the usefulness of mobile phones, mobile phone messages and terrestrial broadcasts occurrence of the
earthquake
exceeded that of radios.
Immediately
quake after the

Until the end of

April

At the time of occurrence of the quake, AM radios

received the highest evaluation (60.1%) followed Immediately after the earthquake, radios
by FM radios. were the only means to obtain information.
However, radios were insufficient to grasp the
actual state of damage in the area and it took
a long time to know of the enormous damage
caused by tsunami. We were unable to know
who was doing what and felt highly
anxiousness.

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Phone calls and Emails Broadcasting Internet Others

33
 TV Relay Station after Disaster
（ Number of station ）

Number of relay station off the air for TV

TV stations suffered significant damages and 120

stations in eleven prefectures were out of service.
As there was no power supply in the large part of
Number of relay stations off-the air for TV
reached the maximum on 12th March the disaster areas, both transmitters and receivers
were not usable.
Mar. 11
Mar. 12
Mar. 13
Mar. 14
Mar. 15
Mar. 16
Mar. 17
Mar. 18
Mar. 19
Mar. 20
Mar. 21
Mar. 22
Mar. 23
Mar. 24
Mar. 25
Mar. 28
Mar. 29
Mar. 30
Apr. 5
Apr. 6
Apr. 7
Apr. 10
Apr. 11
Apr. 12
Apr. 13
Apr. 14
Apr. 15
Apr. 18
Apr. 19
Apr. 20
Apr. 21
Apr. 22
Apr. 25
Apr. 26
Apr. 27
Apr. 28
May 2
May 6
May 9
May 12
May 16
May 19
May 23
Jun. 1
【 Source 】 Information material from MIC
 Mobile TV in the Evacuation Center
Many people watched mobile TV in the evacuation center. As power was disrupted, mobile
TV was very important information source for the people in the disaster area.

Image: People could see TV through the mobile phone

even in the blackout in the afflicted area
35
(Summary from Sankei Shimbun (major Japanese national newspaper), June 24, 2011)
 Local Disaster FM stations
Radio also played a very important role in the disaster area, as many radio receivers work with
batteries and people can receive information even during a power outage. MIC also provided
10,000 radios to the disaster areas free of charge.  
Temporary radio stations have been set up which have been actively providing information
needed at local level. Many volunteers and local government officials contributed to the
operation of such local radio stations.

The Studio of “Natori Saigai(disaster) FM” established at Natori City office building,
Miyagi prefecture 36
Temporary Disaster Designated Broadcasting Stations for Devastated
Area
Iwate
 26 stations are established.
MIC has quickly granted broadcasting licenses to ●

local disaster FM stations, which account for 21 in ● ●

the disaster area. ●

●
●
●

Miyagi ●
● ●

●
J●
●

●
●
●
●
Fukushima ● ●
●

●
Newly established by communities
●
● Based on the community FM
● ● Established by broadcasters
37
国土地理院承認　平 14 総複第 149 37 37
Digital Signage system at Normal Time

出典 : デジタルサイネージ総研

Source: Digital signage Now

 Digital Signage systems at the time of disaster
Digital signage network is effective tool for information provision at the time of disaster.
After the earthquake, all the train services stopped and there was terrible traffic jam in Tokyo. About 5
million people were not able to go home. Digital signage system was used as media to provide
information.
■ Scenes at each monitor in Tokyo on 11 March 2011
A: At a monitor set on 1 Floor at Marunouchi
st

Building (Photographed around at 22:00)

B: At a monitor set in Central Entrance on 1st
Floor of Otemachi Building
(Photographed around at 16:00)
C: At a monitor set in Elevator Hall on B1
Floor of Shin-Marunouchi Building
(Photographed around at 22:00)
D: At a monitor set on B1 Floor of Marunouchi
Building (Photographed around at 22:00)

39
(Source: MITSUBISHI ESTATE CO.,LTD.)
 The Internet as a Lifeline - Person Finder (Google)
– 　 Person Finder provides a registry and message board for survivors, family, and relatives affected
by a natural disaster to post and search for information about each other's status.

(Source: Google)
40
The Internet as a Lifeline - Posted Photos of Evacuee Lists
 Traffic Information in Disaster Area
Some car navigation system gathers driving information from navigation unit and the system
consolidate information and send traffic information to users. On March 14, Honda released this
driving information gathered through their navigation system on the website. This information
became instantly available through Twitter and Facebook. Many people thanked that “We could
deliver relief supplies”, or “We could reach family and relatives” by using this system.

Road with traffic record : Blue

No-traffic record : Gray
Vehicle congestion : Red

22 March

6 May

(Source: website of ITS Japan)

Ⅱ-4. Research and Development

- for the future

43
R&D into Strengthening the Disaster Tolerance (3 rd FY 2011 Supplementary Budget)

(1) Research and development of (2) Research and development of

technologies for reducing the incidence of technologies for autonomous recovery of
mobile-telephony congestion during disasters disaster-damaged infrastructure
This project establishes communication technologies for This project establishes radio communications technologies
maintaining the use of voice calling during disasters, when voice for ensuring autonomous access by local authorities and Transmitting images of
communication increases dramatically as users make safety public facilities to the Internet and other communications coastal waters
confirmation calls. The technologies make intensive use of non- even if the regular communications infrastructure has been Information on we
voice communication-processing capabilities and of damaged by disaster. being
communications equipment located outside the affected regions. important
Data
transm Emergency
ission voice calling
System having Wireline network
Internet connection improved flexibility

Data line

Mobile-telephone Research and development,

network testing/verification/evaluation
Forming a world-leading research center
Fostering innovation, strengthening collaboration
between industry, academia, and government, and
Communications processing capabilities for different promoting standardization and developing results
services flexibly shared out in the event of disaster through joint research with universities in the
affected regions

● Achieving information and communications networks

(3) Provision of research center that are robust in disasters
● Reviving local economic activity in affected regions
at Tohoku University, etc.
Japan’s National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) has provided Tohoku University with test bed
facilities for testing, verification, and evaluation supported by the NICT facilities-improvement fund.
 Provided are communications network testing equipment introducing the world’s most advanced optical transmission technology,
used in testing technologies for reducing network congestion; field-portable radio network equipment, used in testing autonomous
44
recovery technologies; and field-portable satellite earth station equipment.
 R&D on Dynamic Control of Mobile Communication Networks
at the Time of a Major Disaster

- Flexible reconfiguration of communication processing resources

- Maximum possible resources can be directed to basic communication services
during a disaster.
Next-generation congestion-proof system
Email, Voice Email,
Voice internet calls internet Music Movies Files
calls Music Movies Files
Normal
use … …

Basic communication
services Rich media etc. Basic communication services Rich media etc.

Emergency
use
…
Email, internet (emergency
Voice calls Music Movies Files Voice calls Other
Email, internet message boards)
(emergency
message boards)

No possibility to reconfigure or redirect

Dynamic allocation of processing resources
processing resources 45
 R&D on Inter-Cloud Technology for Wide-area Disaster Responses

- Sharing resources among multiple cloud systems by optimal communication route after a large-scale
disaster
- Transfer whole processing functions from one cloud to another within 30 minutes

Advantages of the Inter-cloud approach

- Individual operators can keep investment costs to a minimum.
- Small and medium-sized operators will not be forced out of business.
Cloud 1 2 stand-by
Normal load facilities
3 facilities

Overload Use stand-by

4 facilities facilities of
other carriers Cloud data center A
Cloud 2 Cloud 3

1 stand-by facility 1 stand-by facility Available to local

businesses in the
Tohoku region

Boost disaster response capacity by d

-Clou
Inter- clouds dispersed around remote regions Inter
Inter-Cloud test bed
Cloud data center B
Technology for instant switching
based on validation using JGN-X
Cloud data center C
46
 ITU-T FG-DR&NRR Tokyo, Japan: “Technical Tour of SENDAI CITY”
R&D Projects for Resilient Information and Communication Networks in Japan
MIC and NICT of Japan are promoting R&D projects for realizing a Contact;
resilient information and communication network. Please come up Mr. Yasuo SHINOZAWA
Deputy Director
to Sendai and check them out on a technical tour on 8th February, Technology Policy Division
2013. Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communication
E-mail: resilient-ICT@soumu.go.jp
Project examples:
R&D for relieving service congestion in the mobile network caused by disaster
 Under a disaster, a vast amount of voice calls are made in Resource reallocation by dynamic control
Voice Music Video File
mobile carrier networks and an unprecedented level of traffic Mail

(congestion) is generated. By design

 New network technology applicable to current and next High priority Rich media
service communications
generation networks to relieve service congestion in the
network will be explained. In a disaster

R&D on the reconfigurable communication “resource unit” for disaster recovery

 A “Resource Unit” which can meet the wide variety of communication demands under a disaster will be
explained.
 The “Resource Unit” can be transported by means such as a high-mobility vehicle, can be connected to
surviving communication networks, and can reconfigure the damaged networks immediately.
Developments of next generation VSATs effective for severe disasters
 Even in the event of a destroyed ground communication infrastructure by disaster, easy and prompt
establishment of satellite communications networks secures alternative communication paths.
 New multimode VSATs that can connect to heterogeneous satellite systems using easy procedures in a
disaster will be explained.
Thank you for your attention!