Europe after the French Revolution

MAIN EVENTS AFTER THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

1.The Napoleonic Empire

2.The Congress of Vienna
3.The liberal revolutions of the 19th century
4.Nationalism
 THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE

• In 1804 Napoleon proclaimed himself Emperor.

• Foreign Policy: Battles against European Countries (MAP page 36)
- Beats Austria and Prussia control over Italy, Netherlands, Poland and part of Germany.
- 1808 invaded Spain: his brother José I King. (known as Pepe Botella)- until 1814
- 1812 tries to invade RUSSIA: FRENCH ARMY DEFEATED.
- GREAT BRITAIN was his great enemy. Strategy: CONTINENTAL BLOCKADE
- 1815 Waterloo Battle – Final defeat of Napoleon
• Domestic Policy: Enlightenment reforms
-Civil code judicial equality- WOMEN?
- Prohibited torture
- Civil marriage and divorce – religious freedom
- Modern universities and promotion of science and culture
- Territorial organisation: Prefectures = provinces. All the same competences.
NAPOLEON’S EXPANSION
 England
Austria
CONGRESS OF VIENNA Prussia Napoleón
1814-1815 Russia

OBJECTIVES

Restore the map of Europe

Restore Absolutism
?
?
Create Alliances
- Holly Alliance - Estados Avoid conflicts
tapón
CONSEQUENCES
 THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA (1814-1815)

• Protagonists: PRUSSIA, RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA ( absolutist monarchies) + BRITAIN (parliamentary monarchy)
• Objectives:
1. Restore absolutism: Legitimism- only monarchs can govern (Bourbon dinasty back in France)
2. Create alliances: Holly Alliance between the absolutist monarchs. They tried to stop liberal movements. For
example, they helped restauring absolutism in Spain (Fernando VII)
3. Restore the map of Europe: MAP page 37
a) France’s pre-revolution borders were restaured.
b) Eastern Europe divided in 3 great empires (Austria, Russia and Ottoman Empire) and the kingdom of Prussia.
c) 2 new kingdoms were created to control France’s expansion (Estados tapón). Kingdom of Netherland
(Holanda + Bélgica) and Piamonte- Cerdeña (noroeste de Italia+ Niza+ Saboya).

CONSEQUENCES:
- LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS and NATIONALISM
TERRITORIAL REPERCUSSIONS OF THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA
(1814-1815)
 THE LIBERAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Three waves of anti-absolutist revolutionary movements + nationalist component

• 1820s Revolutions inspired by the Spanish Consitution of 1812- Greece’s independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1822
• 1830s Protests against the absolutist regimes
a) Belgians declared independence from the Kingdom of the Netherlands – LIBERAL CONSTITUTION
b) Paris- Intellectuals, students and workers revolted against the absolut monarch (Carlos X). Abdication - New king Luis Felipe
de Orleans PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY.
Painting: “Liberty leading the people”, by Delacroix (page 38)
• 1848- France: Luis Felipe de Orleans. REPUBLIC
a) Democratic and social demands (universal suffrage, right to strike, 10 hours working day… )
b) Spread to other countries in Europe
c) Revolutionary meetings

MARKED A NEW PATH FOR THE FUTURE

Punto de partida para las unificaciones de Italia y Alemania + Avance de la democracia + Comienzo para la organización del
movimiento obrero.
 NATIONALISM
(A nation is…)

• CAUSES:
1. Feeling of territories being occupied: After Napoleon + Congress of Vienna, maps were based on the interests of
monarchs and emperors ignoring the inhabitants’ views led to nationalism and liberalism
2. Romantic culture: sense of belonging to a people = important HUMAN feeling. Emotional feeling associated with
nationalism (myths and legends about their origins)
3. Economy and industrialisation : More unified countries had better economies. Therefore, rich social classes
became nationalist.

• TYPES OF NATIONALISM:
1. Unifying- demanded a new state for peoples with a common past and culture: Italy and Germany
2. Dividing- demanded independence for territories that considered themselves nations, but were forced to be part
of a higher political unit: example Greece’s independence from the Ottoman Empire (Cataluña nowadays).
 UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AND ITALY

Unifying nationalism
• THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY (MAP page 40)
a) Divided in 39 states.
b) German Confederation created at the Congress of Vienna.
c) Prussia created the Zollverein or Customs Union, excluding the Austrians.
d) Otto Von Bismark, Prussian chancellor, under the reign of William I, led the unification.
e) Wars against Denmark, Austria and France (demanded Austrian territories + annexation of Alsacia and Lorena, French territories
with German population).
1871 SECOND GERMAN EMPIRE (Second Reich)
• THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY (MAP page 41)
a) Divided into many territories with different political systems. North: Piamonte and Austrian occupation // Centre: Papal States //
South: Nápoles and Sicilia governed by the Bourbon Dinasty.
In the NORTH: Cavour, prime minister of Piamonte, defeated the Austrians in the North. - Turin
In the CENTER: The Pope had to renounce and was imprisoned.- Rome
In the South: Garibaldi lead an army of volunteers called the redshirts (“los camisas rojas”).
1870 CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY - Victor Manuel II, King Piamonte. Capital Rome. –UNIFIED COUNTRY