Unit 5

The present and the future of

communications

5.1 switched telephone

system
SWITCHED TELEPHONE SYSTEM
For over a century, the leading global telecommunications
infrastructure has been the public telephone switching
system circuitry. This system was designed for analog voice
transmission and is unsuitable for the needs of modern
communications. Anticipating a substantial demand for
digital service users from one end to telephone companies
and PTTs in the world came together in 1984 under the
auspices of the CCITT and agreed to build a system of
circuit-switched phone new, fully digital in early XXI
century. This new system, called ISDN (Integrated Services
Digital Network, Integrated Services Digital Network), has
as its primary goal the integration of voice and voiceless.
ISDN is available in many locations and its use is growing
slowly.
ISDN SERVICES
The key to ISDN service will remain the voice, although many improved
features are added. For example, many company managers have a
intercom button on their phones to call their secretaries instantaneously
(no time establishing the call). A feature of ISDN phones are multiple
buttons to set immediate calls to phones anywhere in the world. Another
possibility is a phone that displays the number, name and address of the
caller on a screen while the phone rings. A more advanced version of this
feature allows the phone to connect to a computer that displays the
database record of the caller when the call comes. For example, a broker
may arrange to pick up the phone when the caller's portfolio is already on
the screen along with the current prices of all their actions. Other
advanced voice services including call forwarding and conference calling
worldwide.
Advanced services that include voice not take the reading of electric
meter remotely and online medical alarms, burglar, smoke and
automatically call the hospital, police or fire department, respectively,
and provide direction to expedite the response.
ISDN SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
It is time to examine the architecture of ISDN in detail, particularly the
client computer and the interface between the customer and the
telephone company or PTT. The key idea underlying the ISDN is digital
bits of duct, a conceptual conduit between the customer and the carrier
through which bits flow. No matter whether the bits originating from a
digital phone, a digital terminal, a digital fax machine, or some other
device. All that matters is that bits can flow through the conduit in both
directions. The digital bit pipe can, and usually does, handle multiple
independent channels through division multiplexing in time the bit
stream. The exact format and bit stream multiplexing is a carefully
defined part of the interface specification for digital bit pipe. Have
developed two major standards for the conduct of bits, a standard with a
low bandwidth for home use and another higher-bandwidth applications
companies to manage multiple channels that are identical to channel
household use. In addition, companies can have multiple lines of bits if
needed additional capacity beyond the enterprise through standard can
provide.
ISDN INTERFACE
 The ISDN bit pipe handles multiple channels by division multiplexing
interleaved in time. It has standardized various types of channels:

A - channel of the analog telephone kHz

B - digital channel of 64 kbps PCM voice or data
 C - digital channel 8 to 16 kbps
 D - 16kbps digital channel to be signaling out of band
E - 64kbps digital channel for internal ISDN signaling
 H - digital channel 384, 1 536 0 1 920 kbps

 CCITT intention was not to allow an arbitrary combination of channels in

the digital bit pipe. So far three combinations have been standardized:

  1. Basic Rate 2B + 1D

2. Primary Rate: 23B + 1D (U.S. and Japan) or 30B + 1D (Europe)
3. Hybrid: 1A + 1C.