Lecture # 5

Chapter 5
Stresses Between Soil Particles
Soil Stresses

Z

Z or Vertical Stress, V
X
 Y or Lateral or
Y
Z Horizontal
X or Longitudinal or
Stress, H
Horizontal Stress
 Geostatic Stresses

1 h1
Z T,1
2 t0
H h2 T,2 Horizontal Surface
& No surface loading
3 H
Vertical Force h3 T,3
Equilibrium:
+
 z = V
  A=0
 𝛾𝑇,𝑖𝑉 𝑖
∑ 𝐴 =𝜎 𝑍 𝐴 / 𝐴
 
∑ 𝛾𝑇 ,𝑖 h𝑖=𝜎 𝑍 (total stress)
 Vertical Effective Stress

u P
 +
∑ 𝐹𝑉 =∑ 𝑃𝑖 +𝑢 𝐴𝑉
 

 Fv / A =  Pi /A + u AV / A
v ’v u
v = ‘v + u
Where A = Av + Ac
Ac = Area of contacts  zero
Pore Pressure:
Hydrostatic (No Flowing Water)

Heads:
Z -Elevation head, he (distance
hp C hp D Above datum)
C D - Pressure head, hp
he C he D F
(distance water rises in open
Datum
stand pipe)
- Total head, hT = he + hp
hT C= he C+ hp C = hT D = he D+ hp D

u = w Z

For example groundwater table 215ft

Point of interest is at 190 ft
u = (215-190ft)x 62.4 lb/ft3 =1560 psf
 Vertical Effective Stress Example

Moist Sand 10’

T = 110pcf
1100 psf
10’ x 110 pcf = 1100 psf

Saturated Sand 15’ - =

Sat = 120 pcf
U = 15’ x 62.4=936psf
10’ x 110 pcf + 15’ x 120pcf= 2900 psf 1964 psf
Pore Pressure, u Vertical Effective Stress
Total Vertical Stress, v ’v
 Insitu Effective Horizontal Stress
At Rest Stress State
W
W’

H v =  / H
H = (W ’ – W) / W = 0
L = 0
E = Young’s Modulus 1
 = Poisson’s Ratio = - H / v  v   ' v     ' H   ' L  
E
1
H
1
  ' H     'V   ' L    0  L   ' L     'V   ' H    0
E E

 ' H     'V   ' L   ' L     'V   ' H 


1     '
2
H   1     'V  'H   'L 
1   
 'V  K 0  ' v
Example: Horizontal Stresses
 Direct Shear Test
P

A =cross-sectional
T Area

T
Shear Strength, S = Tf / A

 = friction angle of soil

Tf3
Tf3/A
Lateral Load, T Tf2
Tf2/A
Tf1/A Tf1

c= cohesion
P1/A P2/A P3/A
Normal Stress,  = P/A Horizontal Displacement
 Principal Stresses & Planes
Pole of Mohr Circle


 Pole: Line through Op and any

Point A of circle will be parallel
To the plane on which the stresses
3 A Op Given by pt A act.
1


P

3
 A =cross-sectional
N = P/A
1 Area
T

 = T/A 
T
 Chapter 6
Shear Resistance Between Soil Particles
 
N

Tmax= N x f=coefficient of friction

N
 qu = Normal Stress to
cause yielding
qu qu qu

¿𝑞 𝑢 ∑ 𝐴 𝑐𝑖 =𝑞 𝑢 𝐴 𝑐
 

N ↑  Ac ↑
m = s = shear strength of
juncture
Adhesion Theory of Friction
-Summary-