GEOSPHERE

The Earth itself (contrary to Christopher Columbus) is not a

perfect sphere. It is what is called an oblate spheroid, with a
radius of 6,357 kilometers (km) from the Earth's center to the
North Pole and 6,378 km from the center to the Equator.
 LITHOSPHERE
The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth, including
the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust.
 ATMOSPHERE
Atmosphere, the gas and aerosol envelope that extends from the ocean,
land, and ice-covered surface of a planet outward into space
 CRYOSPHERE
yrosphere, glaciers and ice sheets, parts of the cryosphere, have a large impact on the rocks
and sediments below them. For example, the continental ice sheet moved rocks as it
flowed south during the last ice age, creating Cape Cod, Long Island, hills, and lakes. The ice
is also able to have a regional affect on the elevation of land, which lifts up once ice has
melted from its surface. The land in north central Canada has been slowly lifting up after
the melt of glaciers from the last ice age.
 BIOSPHERE
The carbon cycle, usually linked with the Earth’s biosphere, includes deep
storage of carbon in the form of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas as well as
carbonate rocks like limestone. The carbon cycle is one of several
biogeochemical cycles, which all involve the geosphere, the biosphere, and
other spheres of the Earth system.
 HYDROSPHERE AND
ATMOSPHERE
The erosion of rocks, a major part of the rock cycle and change in the geosphere over time,
turns rock to sediment and then, sometimes, to sedimentary rock. But erosion, transportation,
and deposition of sediments wouldn’t occur without the hydrosphere’s rivers, lakes, and ocean
or the atmosphere’s winds and precipitation. Different combinations of sedimentary rocks form
in environments with different climate conditions. This allows geologists to reconstruct what an
environment was like millions of years ago based on the sedimentary rocks that were deposited.
 CRUST
Crust is made of oceanic and continental crust and this is where we live.
It is made up of solid, sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic rocks. It's
density average is 2.8 gcm^3 and it is 5-50km in thick
CONTINENTAL CRUST
It is the layer of igneous rocks, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and
it's thickness is 10-70 km. Continental crust is less dense than the
oceanic crust
 OCEANIC CRUST
It is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plate. Its
thickness is about 4km and denser than the continental crust
 MANTLE
The mantle lies between Earth's dense, super-heated core and its thin
outer layer, the crust. The mantle is about 2,900 kilometers (1,802 miles)
thick, and makes up a whopping 84% of Earth's total volume. Other
mantle elements include iron, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium
 CORE
The outer core of the Earth is a liquid layer about 2,260 kilometers thick.
It is made of iron and nickel. This is above the Earth's solid inner core
and below the mantle. Its outer boundary is 2,890 km (1,800 mi)
beneath the Earth's surface.
 CONVERGENT
BOUNDARY
It is where plates move toward each other and subduction occurs.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
It is where plates moves apart from each other.
TRANSFORM FAULT
BOUNDARY
The plates slide or grind past each other
 ALFRED WEGENER
Alfred Wegener proposed a theory that 200 million years ago, Earth is a
Pangea but then the plates were separated which he called continental
drift. He also said that 1-2 inch is the movement of each plate every
year. Thus, it results to what earth looks like today.