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Information Systems in The Organization: Instructor: Sanchita Mal-Sarkar Course: IST 221
Information Systems in The Organization: Instructor: Sanchita Mal-Sarkar Course: IST 221
Organization
Instructor: Sanchita Mal-Sarkar
Course: IST 221
What is an Information System?
An information system contains information about an organization and its
surrounding environment
Feedback
manual Computer-based
Buses
• Source data automation
Output Devices
• Printers
• Video display terminals Communications
• Plotters Devices
• Audio output
Primary Storage
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Coordinating all computer operations.
• Performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.
• To process a program stored in main memory,
- CPU retrieves each instruction in sequence.
- Interprets the instruction to determine what should be
done.
- Retrieves any data needed to carry out that instruction
- Then CPU performs the actual manipulation.
• CPU’s current instruction and data values are stored
temporarily inside the CPU in special high-speed
memory locations called registers.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• The CPU consists of a control unit and an arithmetic-
logic unit.
• Three kind of buses link the CPU, primary storage,
and other devices in the computer systems.
• The data bus moves data to and from primary storage.
• The address bus transmits signals for locating a given
address in primary storage.
• The control bus transmits signals specifying whether
to read or write data to or from a given primary storage
address, input device, or output device.
Data Bus, Address Bus, and Control Bus
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Primary Storage
Arithmetic-Logic Unit 1
24 + 12 = 36 8
12 < 24
T #
U
Control Unit
Data Bus
Address Bus
Control Bus
Secondary
Input Devices Output Devices
Storage
Computer Software
• Software consists of the computer
programs that allow us to solve problems by
providing sets of instructions.
• Examples:
DOS, Windows, Mac. Office family,
Lotus, Netscape, Internet Explorer, Virus
scans, tax programs, computer games, GUI
- Graphical User Interface.
The major types of software
System Software
Application software
Operating Systems
System software Schedules computer events
Allocates computer
Hardware resources
Monitor events
Language translators
Users Interpreters
Compilers
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 L
0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 I
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 C
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 E
Data Communications
Channel => The message needs some kind of medium
to be transmitted. This medium is called channel. For
example, telephone or coaxial cable, microwave signal,
or optical fibers
Protocol => The rules that establish an orderly transfer
of data between the sender and the receiver are called
protocols.
• Computer software and hardware establish these
protocols at the beginning of the transmission, and both
computers have to follow the protocols to ensure
accurate transfer of data.
Data Communications
• The transmission of text, numeric, voice, or video data
from one machine to another is called data
communications.
• For example, Send an electronic mail to your friends
around the globe.
• The four essential components of data communications
are a sender, a receiver, a channel, and a protocol.
Sender => The computer that originates the message is
called the sender.
Receiver => The computer at the message’s destination
is called the receiver.
Networks
• One of the most important types of data communications in
the business world is a network connection.
• A network connects one computer to another computers and
peripheral devices to share data and resources.
• There is a number of network configurations.
• local area network (LAN) => computers and peripheral
devices are located relatively close to each other, generally
in the same building.
• Client/server networks =>Some networks have file servers
(one or more computers) that act as the central storage
location for programs and that provide mass storage for
most of the data used on the network. A network with a file
server is called a client/server networks.
Networks
• Peer-to-peer networks => When a network does not
have a file server, all the computers essentially are
equal, and programs and data are distributed among
them. This is called a peer-to-peer network.
• Each computer that is part of the network must have a
network interface card installed. This device creates a
communication channel between the computer and the
network.
• Network software is also essential to establish the
communications protocols.
• Standalone computer => A microcomputer that is not
connected to a network is called a standalone computer.
Telecommunications
• Allows us to send and receive data over telephone
lines.
• A modem connects a computer to a telephone
jack.
• At the sending site, modem converts the digital
signal from a computer into analog (continuous
wave) signals (sound waves) that can traverse
ordinary phone lines (modulation).
• At the receiving site, a second modem converts
the analog signals back into digital signals
(demodulation).
Telecommunications
Internet
• The internet was originally developed for the government
to connect the researchers around the world to share data.
• Today, the internet is the largest network in the world that
connects millions of people in almost 200 countries.
• The use of internet:
electronic mail => This is the capability to send a message
from one user’s computer to another user’s computer
where it is stored until the receiver opens it. Message
passes through electronic links called gateways.
World Wide Web (Web) => Web is a huge database of
information that is stored on the network servers in places
that allow public access. The information is stored as text
files called web pages.
Internet
• Hyperlinks => a place on a computer screen that is
programmed to connect to a particular file on the same
network server, or on a network v=server on the other
side of the globe.
• Web browsing => communication software that help us
navigate the WWW is called web browsing software or
web browser.