Ship Design Lecture Notes

BASIC DEFINITONS AND SHIP

GEOMETRY

• Figure illustrates the main parts of a typical ship.

• Hull: The structural body of a ship including shell plating, framing,
decks and bulkheads.
• Afterbody : That portion of a ship’s hull abaft midships.
• Forebody: That portion of a ship’s hull forward midships.
• Bow : The forward of the ship
• Stern : The after end of the ship
• Port :The left side of the ship when looking forward
• Starboard : The right side of the ship when looking forward
• Design Waterline (DWL) or Load Waterline (LWL) : The
waterline at which the ship will float when loaded to its designed
draught.
• Moulded Surface : The inside surface of the skin, or plating, of a
ship.
• Forward Perpendicular (FP) : The vertical line at the point of
intersection of the LWL and the forward end of the immersed part of
the ship’s hull.
• After Perpendicular (AP) : The vertical line at the point of
intersection of the LWL and the centerline of the rudderstock.
• Midships () : The point midway between the forward and after
perpendiculars.
• Deck Camber : The rise of the deck of the ship in going from the
side to the centre. In older ships the camber curve used to be
parabolic but in modern ships straight line camber curves are used
or there may be no camber at all on decks.
• Bilge Radius : The radius of the circular arc forming the bilge.
• Flat of Keel (Half Siding) : The width of flat bottom plating on
each side of the centre girder.
• Deadrise (Rise of Floor) : The amount by which the line of the
outer bottom plating amidships rises above the baseline. Therefore,
it is the difference in height between the baseline and the point
where the straight line through the bottom flat surface intersects
the vertical line through the side of the moulded surface at its
widest point.
• Tumblehome : The amount the top of the side shell slopes back
toward the centerline between the point of widest breadth and the
deck at side
• Parallel Middle Body : The portion of the ship over which the
midship section remains unchanged. In this part of the ship water
lines and buttocks have no curvature; that is, all the fore and aft
lines are
Principal Dimensions
• Length of Waterline (LWL) : The waterline at which the ship will float when fully
loaded .
• Length Overall (L OA) : The total length of the ship from one end to the other,
including bow and stern overhangs.
• Length Between Perpendiculars (L BP) : The distance measured parallel to the
base at the level of the design waterline from the after perpendicular to the forward
perpendicular.
• Length Overall Submerged (L OS) : The total submerged length of the ship from
one end to the other, including the bulbous bow.
• Length of Parallel Middle Body (L P) : The length over which the midship section
remains unchanged.
• Length of Entrance (L E) : The length from the forward perpendicular to the
forward end of parallel middle body, or maximum section.
• Length of Run (L R) : The length from the section of maximum area or the after
end of parallel middle body to waterline termination or other designated point on the
stern.
• Moulded Beam or Breadth (B) : The distance from the inside of plating on one
side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.
Principal Dimensions
• Maximum Beam or Breadth (B M) : Extreme beam (breadth), from
outside to outside of the shell plating.
• Breadth at Loaded Waterline (B WL) : Maximum moulded breadth at
the loaded waterline.
• Draught (T) : The vertical distance from the waterline at any point on the
hull to the bottom of the ship.
• Trim : The difference between the draughts forward and aft.
• Depth Moulded (D) : The vertical distance at amidships from the baseline
to the underside of the plating of the main deck.
• Freeboard (f) : The vertical distance from the waterline to the deck at
side. The freeboard is equal to the difference between the depth at side
and the draught at any point along the ship.
• Moulded Displacement : The displacement of a ship based on moulded
dimensions
• Total Displacement : Moulded displacement modified by adding the
thickness of shell plating and the volume of appendages.
• Wetted Surface : The area of the underwater hull and appendages,
measured in square meters.
 Displacement
The weight of water that would displaced by the volume of the hull measured
on the outer surface of the shell plating below the waterline. Displacement
tonnage of a vessel can be obtained directly from Archimedes’ principle by
multiplying its underwater volume by the density of water.

Light ship
The lightweight tonnage of a ship is the sum of all fixed weights, i.e. hull,
machinery, outfit and permanent equipment.
LS=WS+WM+WO
Deadweight
The difference between the displacement and the lightweight is the
deadweight tonnage which is the sum of the weight of cargo, fuel,
lubricating oil, fresh water, stores, passengers and baggage, crew and their
effects.
DWT=WC+WF+WLO+WFO+ WPAS+WLUG+WCREW+WSTORE
TEU/FEU
Container Ships are designed for stowage of containers in vertical stacks or
cells either within the hold of the vessel, on deck, or a combination of the
two. Containers are described in "FEU's" or "TEU's".
"FEU" is a forty foot long container (Forty foot Equivalent Unit)
"TEU" is a twenty foot long container. (Twenty foot Equivalent Unit )
There are six basic types of containers.
• Refrigerated containers
• dry bulk containers;
• rack containers for lumber, etc;
•automotive containers;
• livestock containers;
•collapsible containers for stowing when not in use.
 Cubic Capacity
Tank ships are described in terms of oil carrying capacity. Barrel (bbl)
is the standard liquid cargo unit of measurement and one barrel
consists of 42 gallons (5.515 cubic feet, 0.156 cubic meter). One ton of
fuel oil is equivalent to 6.63 barrels.
Dry bulk cargo ships may also be described in terms of Cubic Bales or
Cubic Grain. Cubic Bales is the space available for cargo measured in
cubic feet within a ship cargo hold to the inside of the cargo battens,
on the frames and to the underside of the deck beams.
Grain cubic isthe maximum space available for the cargo within a
ship's hold in cubic meter, incorporating all volume inside the shell
plating of the hull and to the underside of the upper deck plating. Grain
Cubic occupies a larger cargo volume than the ship's Bale Cubic rating.
 Tonnage Measurement
• Gross tonnage is the capacity of the
spaces in the ship's hull and of the
enclosed spaces above the deck available
for cargo, stores, fuel, passengers, and
crew.
• Net tonnage is the gross tonnage less the
spaces used for the accommodation of the
ship's master, officers, crew, and the
navigation and propulsion machinery.
International Convention on Tonnage
Measurement of Ships, 1969 (TONNAGE 69)
• Length
• This means 96 percent of the total length on the waterline, at 85 percent of the least
molded depth measured from the top of the keel, or the length from the fore side of
the stem to the axis of the rudder stock on that waterline, if that be greater
• Upper Deck
• The upper deck is the uppermost complete deck exposed to weather and sea, which
has permanent means of weathertight closing of all openings in the weather part
thereof, and below which all openings in the sides of the ship are fitted with
permanent means of weathertight closing.
• Moulded Depth
• The moulded depth is the vertical distance measured from the top of the keel to the
underside of the upper deck at side. In wood and composite ships the distance is
measured from the lower edge of the keel rabbet.
• Breadth
• The breadth is the maximum breadth of the ship, measured amidships to the
moulded line of the frame in a ship with a metal shell and to the outer surface of the
hull in a ship with a shell of any other material.
• Passenger
• A passenger is every person other than:
• (a) the master and the members of the crew or other persons
employed or engaged in any capacity on board a ship on the
business of that ship; and
• (b) a child under one year of age.
• Cargo Spaces
• Cargo spaces to be included in the computation of net tonnage are
enclosed spaces appropriated for the transport of cargo which is to
be discharged from the ship, provided that such spaces have been
included in the computation of gross tonnage. Such cargo spaces
shall be certified by permanent marking with the letters CC (cargo
compartment) to be so positioned that they are readily visible and
not to be less than 100 milimeters (4 inches) in height.
• Weathertight
• Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will not
penetrate into the ship
• Gross Tonnage
• The gross tonnage (GT) of a ship shall be determined by the following
formula:
• GT = K1V
• where:
• V = total volume of all enclosed spaces of the ship in cubic metres
• K1 = 0.2 + 0.02 log10 V
• Regulation 4
• Net Tonnage
• The net tonnage (NT) of a ship shall be determined by the following formula:

• in which formula
• (a) the factor shall not be taken as greater than unity
Categorizing Ships

• Cargo Ships
• Ships are generally designed for a specific
reason. Cargo ships are designed to carry
specific cargo and can be distinguished by
the type of cargo they carry, especially
since the means of handling the cargo is
often highly visible.
Categorizing Ships
Cargo ships are generally one of the following types:
• Bulk Cargo such as coal, wheat, cement, grain or any
item moved in bulk quantities.
• Break bulk cargo is cargo that may be affixed to a
pallet. Palletized cargo is organized in such a way as to
facilitate the loading into the ship.
• Containerized cargo, is cargo enclosed into a
standardized shipping container.
• Liquid Cargo such as oil, molasses, chemicals are
carried in bulk in large tank ships.
• Roll on/ Roll Off specialized ships.
Categorizing Ships

• General Cargo Ships

A general cargo ship is a ship with open cargo
holds loaded vertically through hatches in
the upper deck. The holds may be divided
by intermediate decks called tween decks.
Categorizing Ships

• Container Ships
Categorizing Ships
• Barge Carrying Ships
An extension of the container ship concept is the
barge-carrying ship. In this concept, the
container is itself a floating vessel, usually about
60 feet long by about 30 feet wide, which is
loaded aboard the ship in one of two ways:
either it is lifted over the stern by a high-
capacity shipboard gantry crane, or the ship is
partially submerged so that the barges can be
floated aboard via a gate in the stern.
Categorizing Ships

• LASH SHIPS – LASH stand for Lighter

Aboard Ship. It is a specialized container ship carrying very
large floating containers, or "lighters." The ship carries its
own massive crane, which loads and discharges the
containers over the stern.
• • SEABEE -Sea-barge, a barge carrier design similar to
"LASH" but which uses rollers to move the barges aboard
the ship; the self-propelled loaded barges are themselves
loaded on board as cargo and are considerably larger than
those loaded on LASH ships
• Bulk Carriers (bulker)
• Bulk Carriers carry bulk cargo such as ore,
coal, pulp, rock, cement, scrap metal, grain,
flour, rice, fertilizers, sugar or any cargo that
travels in bulk.
• Oil Tankers
• Crude oil is carried in oil tankers or in bulk
and oil carriers (OBO ships).
• LPG and LNG Carrier
– Along with the great increase in numbers
and size of tankers have come specialized
uses of tankers for products other than oil.
• Roll-on/Roll-off ships
• Roll-on/Roll-off (or Ro/Ro) ships are ships that
have specially designed ramps to allow cargo to
be driven on board. A car carrier is a good
example, but roll on / roll off also relates to
trucks, ferry type ships and other ships providing
landing ramps for the cargo.
• Passenger Ships
Passenger ships are vessels that carry
passengers either on an overnight cruise or
day only cruise.
Non-Transport Ship Types

• Fishing Vessels
• Tugs
– The service ships are mostly tugs or towing vessels
whose principal function is to provide propulsive
power to other vessels.
• Research Ships
Many universities, oil companies, water resource boards and
governments own and operate research ships. Small research ship
may provide platforms for any type of oceanographic endeavor and
the large research ships
• Icebreaker
– Icebreakers are
usually wide in order
to make a wide swath
through ice, and they
have high propulsive
power in order to
overcome the
resistance of the ice
layer.
Advanced Marine Vehicles
Fast Ship Pentamaran container ship
Hydrodynamic Supported Vessels

• Hydrofoil
configurations can be
divided into two
general classifications,
surface piercing and
submerged foil, which Surface-Piercing (Left) & Fully-Submerged
describe how the (Right) Foil Configurations
lifting surfaces are
arranged and operate
Air Supported Vessels
• An Air Cushion
Vehicle (ACV) or
hovercraft is a craft
that is entirely
supported by air
pressure, in close
proximity to the
surface. It is suitable
for use over water or
land.
• WIG is an abbreviation of
Wing-In-Ground effect. A
WIG craft can be seen as
a crossover between a
hovercraft and an
aircraft. It flies just above
the surface, usually the
water surface therefore
others use the term WISE
or WISES (Wing In
Surface Effect Ship).
Representing the Hull Form
The Half-Breadth Plan
The Sheer Plan
The Body Plan
The Body Plan